Academic Essays by Fung Lan Yong

Academic Writing:  Essays for Analysis 

By Fung Lan Yong, PhD
Lecturer, Jesselton College Sabah

                                     July 2018

Below is an essay on the three important aspects of globalization.

(1)  Identify the thesis statement

(2)  Write an outline to show its topic sentences and supporting details

Globalization is marked by interdependence, integration, and interaction of people and corporations around the world.  In brief, it refers to the movement of people and information technology across national borders.  As it has many positive implications, many nations strive to become global players by establishing multilateral relations with others.  Malaysia, for instance, can be considered as a successful global player, as it has favorable trade relations with China, Japan, and other ASEAN countries.  Many countries are willing to embrace globalization as it promotes international trade, information technology, and cultural exchange.

The most important aspect of globalization is international trade.  It has increased the international flow of goods and services.  For example, Malaysia now exports palm oil, cars, and canned food to many countries, including China.  In return, it also imports many types of goods and services from such countries as China, Japan, and the USA.  International trade has popularized the concept of franchising whereby a parent company attempts to set up branches overseas.  For instance, KFC, Burger King, and Nike are American franchises commonly seen in Malaysia, Singapore, and China.  International trade is often associated with free trade whereby governments try to reduce tariffs or establish free trade zones to facilitate the exchange of goods and services.  Besides free trade, international trade is also associated with increased international monetary flows.  As international trade increases, currency exchange also increases.  For instance, the American banking system now offers credit card services in different countries, especially Master card and Visa.  Singapore’s Hong Leong Bank and China’s Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank have set up branches in various parts of Malaysia.  

The second most important aspect of globalization is that it encourages the use of information technology in developing countries.  To be a global player, more and more countries are trying to improve their communications systems, including the Internet, satellites, and wireless phones.  In their attempt to advance and compete against others, these countries tend to pay greater attention to information technology, especially multimedia.  For instance, Malaysia has its own multimedia super corridor (MSC) and provides study loans and scholarships to those who are interested in information technology.  Many American and Japanese companies have established branches in other countries that ensure low cost of production.  In their attempt to boost production, these companies also introduce highly technological gadgets to the host countries. For instance, Malaysia and China have benefited tremendously in terms of technology for having positive trade relations with the USA and Japan.

Promoting cultural exchange is the third most important aspect of globalization.  Many countries are getting increasingly multicultural, as they now offer commercial and educational opportunities to others.  For instance, Malaysia is gaining prominence as a commercial, cultural, and educational destination.  People from many countries come here to conduct business, experience the lifestyle, or get a widely recognized qualification.  Today, many Malaysian colleges and universities enroll students from different parts of the globe, including European, Middle East, Far East, and other ASEAN countries.  Further, cultural exchange has highlighted the use of English as an international language.   More and more countries, including Malaysia, now encourage their citizens to be proficient in English in order to succeed in the era of globalization.  For instance, having English proficiency enables Malaysians to communicate with people from other nations and voice their opinions on global issues confidently.  It not only helps to foster business relations, but also attract international tourists and students.

Many countries have experienced vast changes with the onslaught of globalization especially in terms of trade volume, information technology, and cultural values.  They are compelled to adopt the open door policy to benefit from free trade and other aspects of international trade.  To be effective global players, they have to adopt information technology which enables them to communicate with the rest of the world.  Traveling for business, education, or leisure is no longer limited by national boundaries since the world has become a global village.  It has inevitably brought different cultures together, creating a global melting pot.  

Below is an essay on the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power.

(1)  Identify the thesis statement

(2)  Write an outline to show its topic sentences and supporting details

Nuclear power is an important source of energy in advanced countries, particularly the USA.  Although its use continues to be controversial, the number of nuclear plants is increasing worldwide. With adequate precautionary measures, it can be utilized for the benefit of humankind.  For example, it is used to power rockets, submarines, and ships.  Since it releases a tremendous amount of heat, it can be used to generate electricity.  Compared to fossil fuels, it is more environment-friendly as it causes fewer greenhouse effects.  For instance, it results in less environmental degradation compared to gasoline and coal.  Nuclear power is more preferred to other sources of energy as it requires less land space, produces more manageable waste, and serves more scientific purposes than fossil fuels.  However, its applications are often associated with pollution, meltdowns, and international conflict.       

Using nuclear power helps to reduce the need for land space.  Unlike hydroelectric power, it does not require enormous dams or reservoirs.  Unlike coal or gas, it does not require a lot of storage space.  Unlike wind or solar power, it is not affected by the vagaries of nature.  In the long run, its usage actually helps preserve the habitats of various endangered species compared to fossil energy.

Nuclear waste is more manageable than the byproducts of fossil fuels.  Advanced technology ensures that nuclear waste storage or disposal is no longer an environmental threat.  Besides, nuclear waste is now recyclable.  Research shows that coal or gas generates more pollutants than nuclear plants.  Liquid hydrogen, which is cleaner and cheaper than gasoline, can be derived by using nuclear power to separate hydrogen and oxygen in water.

Nuclear power can be used to solve complicated scientific problems safely and effectively.  For example, radioisotopes, powered by nuclear energy, are now used to treat cancer and other dangerous diseases.  Unlike a fossil fuel, a radioisotope can be used to examine internal organs and perform laser surgery.  Tracers, like radioisotopes, are now used to determine how dangerous chemicals act in the bodies of plants and animals.  For example, to trace the effects of DDT in a balsam or rat, a scientist can inject radioactive DDT into its cells.  Research on DNA, fossils, and other research projects can be carried out only with the availability of nuclear energy.

Nuclear power releases radioactive pollutants that can endanger human lives and harm the natural environment. A nuclear reactor may overheat, releasing radioactive chemicals that are hazardous to local residents.  In June 1985, a nuclear plant in Ohio experienced some equipment malfunctions that almost caused a major disaster before the reactor was repaired.  In December 1985, a nuclear reactor in California had a severe temperature gyration and deposited a life-threatening amount of radioactive cooling water outside the plant. In 1986, the catastrophic meltdown of the Chernobyl plant released a radioactive plume across Europe, which could cause cancer to thousands who live within 100 miles from it. 

Many nations now have nuclear arsenals, posing an international nuclear threat.  Some are secretly accumulating nuclear weapons, while others have installations that could develop nuclear weapons.  Nuclear weapons incur substantial social and economic costs.  For instance, one percent of the Soviet nuclear arsenal could destroy the US economy and decimate most of its population within weeks.  Besides killing millions, the radioactive fallout of a nuclear war can cause irreversible environmental destruction. The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 still has insurmountable health and environmental implications on the two cities.  Besides causing international conflict, nuclear spending usually leads to heavy taxation but decreased funding on education and health care.  The arms race has led to overwhelming fiscal deficits in the USA and destitution in others. 

Finally, nuclear energy has both advantages and disadvantages.  It is beneficial as it helps save space, creates less waste, and fulfills more scientific purposes compared to fossil fuels.  However, its major setbacks are pollution, meltdowns, and international arms conflict.  It should be used for enhancing production and promoting scientific research, not warfare. Alternative forms of energy, such as wind power and solar power should be considered. Due to its serious health and safety implications, nuclear power should be used according to international safety standards.

Below is an essay on ways to cope with unstable working conditions.

(1)  Identify the thesis statement

(2)  Write an outline to show its topic sentences and supporting details

Due to unstable economic conditions, many people can not longer have jobs that guarantee a secure future in the form of a steady income and retirement fund.  Their financial future is affected by streamlining, restructuring, or merging of companies to cut costs.  Unemployment is escalating in many developing countries such as Malaysia.  Even highly educated people find it difficult to get steady jobs due to an unpredictable market and the lack of opportunities to demonstrate their expertise.  Moreover, production lines are gradually replaced by sophisticated gadgets, including robots which further reduce the need for human power. To overcome the current difficulties in employment, individuals and the government should think of alternatives to resolving financial problems.  Individuals should plan their financial future and consider other avenues of income, while the government should provide more aid and opportunities to the unemployed.

Instead of remaining loyal to their current companies, individuals should plan their financial future carefully. They should equip themselves with the most current business information to get a fresh start in case of retrenchment. They should discard the outmoded belief that only by working for a firm can they have a good career.  Further, individuals should equip themselves with skills that can increase their ability to remain competitive.  For example, they should improve their English communication skills, knowledge on information technology and globalization, and computer literacy.  They should save money to face rainy days, to invest in property or stocks, or to start a new business.  In addition, they should avoid purchasing luxury goods such as expensive jewelry, continental cars, or designer clothes.  They should conserve electricity and water.  They should do their own cleaning, cooking, or other household chores, instead employing others.  They should sew their own clothes or grow their own fruits and vegetables if possible.  In short, there are several ways to live beneath one’s means and to save money.

Individuals should not depend on only earned income where they have to exchange their time and effort for money.  They should consider two other types of income, mainly passive income and portfolio income.  They can obtain such income by renting out residential premises, having their own business, or investing in the stock market.  Therefore they should save as much money as possible to buy property, to rent a shop lot, or to invest.

The government can help the unemployed in various ways.  For example, it can offer free seminars and further training.  Further, it should establish more entrepreneurship programs to enable fresh graduates to gain job experience.  Further, it should lower bank interest rates so that individuals can borrow to have low cost housing, lifelong education, or their own business.  It should build more colleges, universities, and factories that can offer gainful employment.  Finally, it should develop the rural areas to reduce the rural-urban drift, to increase job opportunities in the rural areas, and improve agricultural yield.

To cope with unpredictable job conditions, individuals should plan their future and find other ways to earn money.  The government can help by establishing more entrepreneur training programs to equip jobseekers with lifelong skills.  To improve their financial situation, individuals should have the initiative to engage in lifelong learning, as knowledge and skills become obsolete quickly.  They should never rest on their laurels, but continue to acquire new skills, especially those related to information communication technology.  Fresh graduates should strive to improve their soft or generic skills, especially business communication skills and English proficiency.      

Below is an essay on the contributions of economic migrants.

(1)  Identify the thesis statement

(2)  Write an outline to show its topic sentences and supporting details

Economic migrants are individuals who travel to another country in search of a better future.  Many are actually compelled to migrate due to political instability, poverty, or natural disasters in their own country.  In Sabah, most of the economic migrants are from neighboring countries, such as Indonesia and the Philippines.  They prefer to live in Sabah since they can get better jobs and better pay here.  Since they consider Sabah as their sanctuary, they are willing to work hard to contribute to its socioeconomic development as manual laborers, plantation workers, and street vendors.

Many Indonesians and Filipinos have braved the seas and risked their lives to enter Sabah, where there is constant demand for cheap manual labor.  Male migrants usually get the jobs which are despised and rejected by the local people.  Commonly employed as construction workers, they have helped to build many high-rise buildings in Sabah, especially apartments and shop lots.  As they are willing to work long hours with meager wages and deplorable living conditions, they are much sought for in the private sector.  Female migrants usually work as maids and child-minders.  Many homeowners prefer to hire them as domestic help as they tend to be more industrious, humble, and loyal than the local women.  In fact, many local university graduates prefer to be jobless rather than working as manual laborers, much to the advantage of economic migrants.  

Willing to eke a living in the remotest areas with the barest minimum, economic migrants contribute significantly in the agricultural sector in Sabah.  They work in palm oil and cocoa plantations where they do most of the sowing, tending, and harvesting.  Without them, the agricultural sector would become non-existent, as many locals dislike working in the mosquito-infested and flood-prone forested areas where basic infrastructure is lacking.  As trustworthy and diligent plantation workers, economic migrants are willing to live in ill-equipped wooden shacks.

Many economic migrants become street vendors in the town areas.  Men usually peddle cigarettes, cassettes, or videos in the crowded streets and wet markets.  Women usually sell food and drink at street corners and at the wet market.  Still others sell handicrafts, clothes, and costume jewelry at the ever-popular night market that attracts many domestic and international tourists. 

Economic migrants, found in almost every country, usually work manual laborers, plantation workers, and street vendors.  They are willing to take up jobs that are shunned by choosy jobseekers, many of whom prefer to remain unemployed.  Without economic migrants, most construction projects, plantation ventures, and domestic events in Sabah would come to a standstill.  In sum, many apartment builders, plantation managers, and homemakers are unable to face the break of dawn without the presence of their devoted “foreign” employees.   

Below is an essay justifying that good health is more important than money.

(1)  Identify the thesis statement

(2)  Write an outline to show its topic sentences and supporting details

Good health is the state of physical, psychological, and spiritual wellbeing that is often affected by one’s socioeconomic status.  In general, individuals who have money tend to possess a better education which in turn encourages them to practice healthful living.  However, many people, in their constant struggle to enhance their financial status, neglect their health.  They lead sedentary lives and rarely exercise, giving the excuse that they have neither the time nor energy after a long day’s hard work.  Many people who choose to earn less, for instance, farmers and teachers, enjoy better health than their workaholic business peers.  Good heath is more important than money for it enables individuals to achieve their financial goals faster, to appreciate the good things in life more, and to enjoy greater happiness and freedom than those who lack it.   

Without good health, even the smallest of financial goals cannot be achieved.  Blessed with sound health, individuals can overcome their financial problems with hope and confidence.  As long as they are healthy, they can continue climbing the corporate ladder to improve their socioeconomic status.  They can continue looking for jobs that help them earn more money.  Good health empowers them with the motivation to attain greater financial heights.  In brief, compared to those with ill health, people with a sound body and mind can complete their work more efficiently, thus earning more.

Good health is essential for individuals to appreciate the good things in life, such as friendship, nature, and food.  Without it, life would be unbearable, lonely, or even painful as people with ill health cannot adequately socialize with others, appreciate natural beauty around them, or possess a healthy appetite.  Even if they had money, they would be unable to use it meaningfully as most of it would be spent on medicine.  One does not really have to sacrifice health in search of wealth as friendship, nature, or food does not cost much.  In fact, tablets, pills, and ointments cost a lot more than basic necessities.

To appreciate one’s happiness and freedom, good health is essential.  There are many rich people who suffer from incurable diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, or even AIDS.  No amount of money can bring them happiness or freedom as they experience endless fear and hopelessness.  Further, there are many rich people whose wealth has brought them nothing but misery.  For instance, people who abuse their money on illegal drugs, alcohol, or unhealthy entertainment are often cursed with sickness and even terminal diseases.  There have been instances whereby wealthy people have contracted HIV after wasting their money on vice activities.       

People who are poor but healthy still have the chance to get rich, to enjoy whatever life has to offer, and to experience happiness and freedom compared to those who are wealthy but of ill health.  They can do whatever is legal in order to earn a living and spend their income with a grateful heart.  At least, they can try their best to become financially better.  On the contrary, people who have to spend their money in a sickbed can hardly enjoy anything, except moaning and groaning alone.  There is nothing more horrifying than seeing their wealth rapidly diminishing with death fast approaching.  It is therefore crucial for everyone to maintain healthful living while earning a living.  It is meaningless to get sick, no matter how mild, for the sake of wealth.  Health should always be the priority above wealth and everything else.   

Below is an essay on the benefits of traveling.

(1)  Identify the thesis statement

(2)  Write an outline to show its topic sentences and supporting details

People travel for various reasons, including business, education, and leisure.  Regardless of what the traveler has in mind, making a journey to their destination broadens their mind as every place has something meaningful to offer visitors.  It is therefore not surprising that many people prefer to use their hard earned money on a much anticipated trip rather than spending it on other things.  Traveling is enlightening as it encourages the acquisition of new knowledge, fosters cultural exchange, and promotes world peace.

Travelers have to acquire new knowledge to gain acceptance in the host country.  For instance, European and American tourists have to learn the customary practices of the many different races in Malaysia to fit in.  Getting to know more about other ethnic groups will make them more open-minded toward their traditional values, festivals, and lifestyle. Before visiting a certain place, people may have little or no knowledge about it.  However, when they travel there, they can keep an open mind and appreciate it from a different angle.  For instance, many westerners assumed that Asian countries were undeveloped or ultra-conservative until they set foot on them. They are often amazed to learn that other countries are better than theirs in many aspects.  .  They become more liberal and culturally enriched, as they are able to fill their minds with firsthand knowledge.

Cultural exchange occurs when travelers interact with people in the host country.  It helps to erase both positive and negative stereotypes from their mind and fill it with a more accurate picture. Before meeting the local people and getting a glimpse of their culture, many tourists might hold stereotypical views concerning their lifestyle.  For instance, many Malaysians who had perceived the USA as an ultra-rich country were disillusioned when they touched American soil.  An individual’s stereotypical views are mostly based on what they have heard or seen in the media, but traveling enables them not only to absorb the spectacular sights and sounds of a particular place but also to learn its history, geography, etiquette, and moral values in person.  Regardless of location, political ideology, or status, every country has interesting people, breathtaking scenery, astounding legends, or delicious cuisine for visitors to discover. 

Traveling encourages the promotion of world peace.  As people move around the globe, cultural awareness increases, removing negative perceptions and volatile emotions.  Cultural awareness plays a crucial role in international understanding, while international understanding makes it easier for one country to interact with another.  Ambassadors have to travel far and wide to get a true picture of each country, especially its political ideals, cultural norms, and religious practices which play a pivotal role in most peace talks.  Students who travel overseas for their tertiary education also serve as ambassadors as they help promote their home country as a peaceful destination.     

Fresh knowledge, cultural exchange, and international peace are the three main byproducts of traveling.  Individuals who travel will gain firsthand knowledge about the host country, particularly its culture and traditions.  Cultural exchange occurs when they interact with the locals, which allows them to get a true picture of it.  International peace is promoted as travelers can serve as ambassadors who usually attempt to paint their home country in a positive light.  Upon returning home, they can tell others what they have actually seen and experienced.  Countries should therefore encourage traveling by having better transportation systems and multilateral cooperation.  They should strengthen international ties through commerce, education, and sports which underscore the importance of traveling.      

    

Below is an essay on reasons for the preservation of wild animals.

(1)  Identify the thesis statement

(2)  Write an outline to show its topic sentences and supporting details

In many countries, wild animals are hunted not only as an important source of protein, but also for their medicinal and decorative properties.  In some Asian and African nations, tigers, lions, bears, deer, boars, and other exotic animals are often hunted for their meat, fur, skin, bones, and even reproductive parts.  Elephants are not only killed for their invaluable tusks, but also for their tails and hooves.  Many rare animals will disappear from the face of the earth due to overexploitation, greed, and superstition.  Special areas must be gazette for the protection of endangered species for three reasons:  ecological, philosophical, and esthetic. 

Wild animals play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance, without which the planet will be unable to sustain human life.  Indiscriminate hunting will reduce the biodiversity of a nation as fewer species would roam its wilderness.  Biodiversity, an integral part of human survival, requires people to coexist in harmony with wildlife.  Such interdependence should be emphasized to ensure that the earth will not be reduced to a barren, lifeless mass.

Endangered animals should be protected for philosophical reasons.  For instance, many people contend that it is immoral to end an innocent life, including that of an animal.  Others believe that they may reincarnate as animals.  Still others argue that they can actually live longer and accumulate better fortune by rehabilitating wildlife; for instance, some people send tortoises back to the wild while praying for a better life.  According to animal activists, wild animals have the right to life.  They contend that animals, like human beings, have feelings and can feel pain.  It is unethical and callous to cause suffering, pain, or death to living organisms that are the core of human survival. Unless provoked, healthy wild animals normally do not attack humans and they also prefer to prey in their own habitats.

The esthetic value of wild animals is often reflected by their sights, sounds, and colors.  Therefore, they should remain free to be admired, painted, or praised.  Without them, the natural environment would be dull, motionless, and colorless.  Animals serve as an inspiration to human beings in science, art, and entertainment.  In African countries, the esthetic value of wildlife is directly reflected in safari tourism whereby visitors arrive in hoards just to appreciate its grace and beauty.  Its esthetic value generates enough income not only for fulfilling the needs of the local people, but also for its own preservation. With the availability of modern medicine and genetically modified food, humans no longer need wildlife for their curative or nutritional properties save for their breathtaking beauty. 

Wild animals should be allowed to roam freely in their habitats for ecological, philosophical, and esthetic reasons.  As the essence of nature, they are pivotal to human survival.  All ecological systems will cease to exist when rare animals become extinct, reducing the earth to nothingness.  Philosophers and activists contend that animals be respected as they are capable of thinking and feeling.  Left alone in their habitats, wild animals rarely pose a threat to humans; in contrast, human development often deprives them of space and food.  Valued for their beauty, wild animals are a perpetual source of inspiration and revenue. 

Below is an essay on the functions of the family institution.

(1)  Identify the thesis statement

(2)  Write an outline to show its topic sentences and supporting details

Founded on marriage in most societies, the family is an important social cell.  As the cradle of life and center of social life, it is the fundamental unit that instills and upholds important critical values of society.  A family unit exists in two forms; a nuclear family usually consists of the parents and their own children, while an extended family may include other family members such as grandparents and in-laws.  As a structure of humanity, the family unit fulfils many important functions, including procreative, financial, and educational.

To continue the existence of society, the family is the best institution to carry out the responsibility of producing children.  In most societies, only a married couple can have children as it is believed that a two-parent family can better meet their physiological and psychological needs.  It is still a taboo in many societies to have children born out of wedlock as marriage and family should always come first before pregnancy childbirth. A close-knit family is essential in overcoming issues and problems associated with pregnancy and childbirth.  Although children can be procreated or gotten in other ways, the two-parent family is more suitable as it portrays a deeper sense of commitment, social responsibility, and solidarity compared to in vitro fertilization or surrogating.

A two-parent family provides financial stability that is essential to fulfill the nutritional, learning, and self-esteem needs of a child.  An average family usually has more money to satisfy such needs than an overcrowded orphanage or social welfare home.    Children with one or both parents working tend to have a better environment for their physical, emotional, and psychomotor development.  A family can provide more space, learning materials, attention, and love to a child than elsewhere.  Nowadays, an average family usually holds a health and education insurance policy that will benefit the child when they grow up.  Born in a middle-class or rich family, they may even have the good fortune of inheriting a trust fund or valuable property.

A child can get a better education having a loving family than other kinds of living environment.  Many bright children fail to achieve due to the lack of family support; in contrast, many children who are physically or emotionally challenged become successful adults because they receive amply love and attention from the family.  Nowadays, children living in the poorest countries need only an elementary education, which is usually government-sponsored, to become successful working adults and parents.  However, they can only succeed when their family gives them the freedom to attend classes.  An average family usually has the financial means to provide an adequate education to a child to become a self-supportive adult.  A wealthy family can send a child to a prestigious educational institution that offers an education that greatly enhances their employability and marketability. 

The family institution is expected to fulfill its procreative, financial, and educational functions in almost every society.  It provides the social and moral structure to beget children as most societies still consider marriage and family more significant than any scientific intervention.  A working family provides the funds needed to adequately bring up a child who needs proper food, shelter, and attention.  It helps a child to attain their educational goals by providing emotional or financial support.  Emotional support is crucial where education is provided by the government while financial support motivates a child to achieve greater educational heights. 

Below is an essay arguing that business education must emphasize environmental awareness.

(1)  Identify the thesis statement

(2)  Write an outline to show its topic sentences and supporting details

Environmental safety is an important aspect of any kind of business, of which success depends greatly on the soundness of the ecosystem.  In short, no business is possible without serious environmental conservation.  Without environmental awareness, employees at all levels would be adversely affected by pollution and other environmental risks.  Therefore, business education should emphasize environmental awareness so that graduates are knowledgeable about sustainable development, environmental conservation, and the role of public speaking in environmental preservation. 

Business education today must highlight the paramount importance of sustainable development, which involves the preservation of natural resources, such as rainforests, land, and rivers.  It should be committed in promoting business without causing any environmental damage.  Business graduates should know how to conserve the natural environment for their own benefit as well as for the future generations. They should know that business failure would result if they cause any serious pollution or breach any environmental rules and regulations.  Further, their company might face bankruptcy if they were slapped with a hefty fine or sentenced for neglecting environmental safety standards.

Besides sustainable development, business education should also emphasize effective techniques that companies and individuals can adopt to conserve the natural environment. For instance, business students should learn how to recycle objects and industrial waste, create green lungs in cities, conserve endangered habitats, and dispose of highly toxic garbage.  They should be instilled with environment-friendly values; they should know how to treat nature with reverence and love.  Besides, they should be able to design special programs or campaigns that can promote environmental safety. 

Public speaking, an important skill for business students, undoubtedly plays a crucial role in promoting environmental awareness.  They should do presentations not only on business topics but also on environmental issues, particularly endangered plants and animals, nuclear energy, and other ecological threats.  Business graduates should be able to convince the public to use products and services that are more environment-friendly.  They should be confident in promoting sustainable development, environmental management, and biodiversity while trying to sell their products and services.  They should always consider the natural environment before making any business deals.  They should always acknowledge that, unlike money and luxury things, many elements of the natural environment are irreplaceable.   

Business education should equip students with not only business knowledge and skills but also environmental values.  Being highly aware of the importance of sustainable development, conservation techniques, and environmental public speaking, they will become more effective business people and spokesperson.  They can earn better income, create a safer business environment, and establish more positive public relations if they are committed to preserving the natural environment.       

Below is an essay on the benefits of living in the countryside. 

(1)  Identify the thesis statement

(2)  Write an outline to show its topic sentences and supporting details

John Denver’s song Country road, take me home always evokes exhilarating thoughts among those who appreciate country living.  After a day’s hard work in the city, many people are willing to drive long distance back to their country home to enjoy an evening in serenity and to wake up inhaling the cool refreshing morning air, two small delights that prepare them for the challenges of the new day. Characterized by sprawling farms and quaint buildings, the peaceful countryside offers a more comfortable lifestyle, wide open space, and camaraderie than the urban area. 

People living in the countryside tend to have a more comfortable lifestyle compared to their urban counterparts. Without any smoke-spewing factories, heavily-laden trucks, and drug-induced gangsters around, the countryside offers a heavenly lifestyle to those who have the good fortune of owning a farmhouse or ranch ageless hills as backdrop.  Self-sufficient, the country lifestyle offers convenience as basic necessities are readily available at a country store or farmers’ market.  Besides, residents can grow their own flowers, vegetables, and fruits at their own convenience.  To meet basic human needs, a clinic, elementary school, and high school are usually available in the countryside.  A minibus usually runs through the countryside to pick up passengers in the morning, at noon, and in the evening.  Most people prefer to carpool as it is more economical and environment-friendly.

With its seemingly boundless space, the alluring countryside offers many opportunities for personal enjoyment.  Its crisply clean air and crystal clear streams allow residents to engage in many outdoor activities, such as fishing, rock-climbing, and trekking. The countryside, bestowed with a myriad of natural or historical landmarks, is indeed a favorable destination for vacationers on a shoestring budget. The luxuriant countryside has ample space for those who want a charming farmhouse with an enchanting garden replete with their beloved flora and fauna.  Since they can practice organic farming, they can have pesticide-free vegetables and fruits, to the envy of urbanites that usually resort to using pots, boxes, and fertilizers just to grow a few plants on their precarious windowsills and dim balconies.

People living in the countryside tend to enjoy more camaraderie with their neighbors as it is easier to establish friendship in a setting that is more congenial and genteel than the city.  Compared to indifferent urban dwellers squeezed in cramped apartments, country dwellers, facing fewer social and emotional problems, tend to be friendlier and more cooperative. Unlike their urban counterparts, they are more willing to lend a helping hand and a shoulder to cry on.  Filled with jubilee and fun-fare, country festivals attract people from all walks of life as they are more meaningful and delightful than any entertainment center or shopping mall in the city.

Undisturbed by the constant hustle and bustle of the city, country dwellers enjoy a casual lifestyle in a spacious and friendly environment. The countryside is filled with serenity, reflected by its sprawling fields, sparkling streams, and gentle undulating hills.  The restive evenings and refreshing morning air of the countryside brings comfort after a day’s struggle.  Its wide open space allows individuals to adequately enjoy their personal pursuits while its friendly residents fill their lives with camaraderie and joy.  With the infrastructure of many countries continues to improve, country living has become increasingly more popular and luxurious.  To promote healthful living and maintain ecological diversity, governments must ensure that the countryside remains untouched by rapid socioeconomic development and globalization. 

Below is an essay on why adolescents smoke.

(1)  Identify the thesis statement

(2)  Write an outline to show its topic sentences and supporting details

Smoking is hazardous, yet the number of smokers is increasing.  Adolescents are seen puffing away almost everywhere, even when they are walking on the street or sitting in a coffee-shop.  Although they are exposed to many awareness campaigns and moral education, they still adopt the obnoxious habit.  They may succumb to nicotine addiction due to social, environmental, and psychological factors. 

Peer pressure is the prime social factor that links adolescents to smoking.  Many adolescents prefer peers to their own parents as the reference group.  To gain acceptance, they often do what their peers ask them to do. They are willing to go against their parents’ wishes just to please their own circle of peers.  Adolescents nowadays experience a lot of peer pressure as far as behavior and attitudes are concerned.  Smoking can be considered as a negative behavior associated with adolescents’ negative attitudes toward authority and healthful living.  The media are another social variable that draws adolescents to smoking.  Filled with images glamorizing smoking as a desirable lifestyle for the bold and beautiful, the media overload adolescents with countless advertisements laden with subliminal messages.  They usually portray smoking as a cool behavior that is appealing to the opposite gender.

Home is the principal environmental factor that influences adolescents to pick up smoking.  They may watch their parents, even grandparents, trying to relax after dinner or rewarding themselves after a day’s hard work with a cigarette.  Adolescents from a smoke-saturated home may find it hard to resist the instant gratification that cigarettes bring. Parents, as immediate role models, exert a strong influence on their children’s attitudes and behavior.  If they smoke at home, their children may imitate assuming that it must be desirable coming from individuals they respect.  Further, adolescents may also smoke due to parental neglect.  Many parents do not spend enough time to guide or advise them.  Feeling lonely or unloved, they may resort to using nicotine to numb their feelings of rejection.

Stress is an important psychological variable that influences adolescents to smoke.  Many adolescents nowadays experience stress from different directions.  For instance, they may be stressed out by unrealistic parental expectations, heavy academic workload, or financial problems.  The media often imply that smoking can reduce stress with glamorous actors appearing relaxed and happy holding a cigarette.  Nicotine addiction can actually increase one’s stress, as smoking is an expensive habit.  Besides stress, curiosity is another psychological factor that influences adolescents to smoke.  Initially, they might want to know what smoking was like.  Unfortunately, they may experience withdrawal symptoms, such as headache and dizziness, which make it difficult for them to stop. 

Social, environmental, and psychological variables often influence adolescents to smoke.  They may smoke to impress their peers, to be part of the social circle.  It is not surprising that cigarette-puffing parents tend to have nicotine-indulgent children.  Unable to deal with stress and curiosity in a positive manner may lead adolescents to continue smoking.  Adolescents should never start smoking as it is difficult to stop an addiction or prevent a relapse.  Moral education should highlight not only the hazards of smoking but also ways to deal with peer pressure and curiosity.  Adolescents also need meaningful hobbies and proper guidance to stay away from unhealthy influences.  Implementing awareness campaigns and banning smoking in public places are effective ways to curb smoking among youths.           

Below is an essay on the advantages of being the youngest in the family.

(1)  Identify the thesis statement

(2)  Write an outline to show its topic sentences and supporting details

Being the youngest or eldest in the family tends to make a difference as the status may entitle one to certain privileges or expose one to certain experiences.  For instance, while the eldest is often expected to shoulder more responsibilities, the youngest tends to be pampered.  While the former may become more independent, the latter may receive more encouragement and support.  The eldest or youngest in the family enjoys certain benefits, but the youngest tends to receive more attention and love, financial support, and educational opportunities.

It is undeniable that the youngest usually receives greater attention and love from the family. Parents usually devote more time to their youngest child, as the older children can fend for themselves. In certain cultures, the youngest is often perceived as more “precious” because of their unique status in the family.  They may receive more parental attention as their siblings have already grown up or are living elsewhere.  Besides, parents and older siblings often give the youngest more leeway. Assuming that they are still immature and dependant, the rest of the family tend to be more accepting of their behavior and attitude.

Compared to the rest of the family, the youngest tends receive more pocket money.  Parents can give more allowance to the youngest, as older children may already be earning an income.  Besides, older siblings who are already working may also give pocket money to the “baby” of the family.  Everyone in the family tends to be more generous to the youngest, especially when they become working adults.  The youngest becomes their “final” family commitment before they settle down as parents themselves. Because of family support, the youngest rarely has to live on a tight budget as others in the family, more often than not, are willing to give them a “treat.”

Showered with love and attention and receiving more financial support than their older siblings, the youngest may have a greater chance of pursuing a tertiary education overseas.  Older siblings may have to find a job after secondary school or college, as their parents cannot afford to send them to university.  However, as working adults, older siblings can pool their financial resources to sponsor the youngest family member.  Besides, many parents often encourage the older children to take care of the youngest.  Moreover, older children are expected to relieve their parents’ financial burden by establishing a “family fund” which the youngest usually gets the lion’s share.  

Being the youngest in the family is advantageous as they receive greater attention and love, financial support, and chance to study overseas than their older siblings.  In many cultures, parents and siblings tend to pamper the “baby” of the family whom they regard as “too young” for adult responsibilities.  As working adults, they tend to be very generous whenever the youngest passes the hat around.  With greater emotional and financial support, the youngest can concentrate on their studies better, increasing their chances of getting a more prestigious education.  To fully enjoy the privileges inherent to their unique family status, the youngest must capitalize on the opportunities that their older siblings may not have; they should strive to do better than the rest of the family to gain due respect and a true sense of achievement.       

Below is an essay on why censorship is practiced.

(1)  Identify the thesis statement

(2)  Write an outline to show its topic sentences and supporting details

Censorship involves cutting out anything from films, books, magazines, or music videos that is ruled socially and culturally unacceptable.  In some countries, it applies to mostly materials deemed offensive, perverted, and morally harmful.  Usually, censored materials tend to have a perverse impact upon the psychosocial and ethical-moral development of youths. While opponents may claim that people have freedom of press and freedom to own property, materials that run counter to character building should be out of the public eye.  Censorship should be practiced when the visual or auditory materials are excessively lurid, counterculture, and extremist.

Materials that are excessively lurid usually contain gory or pornographic elements.  For example, some movies are censored as they have extremely violent and bloody scenes.  Movies glamorizing violence and bloodshed may exert a negative influence on the young and vulnerable.  They are also offensive to certain religious denominations.  On the other hand, pornography tends to focus on nudity and unnatural sex acts, often portraying women as chattels.  Pornographic images, usually degrading, should be torn or blotted out as they tend to mind-polluting to the impressionable or gullible.  Further, the values portrayed in pornographic materials are usually counterproductive, corroding the readers’ moral caliber and influencing them to think or act perversely.

Counterculture materials usually contain anti-establishment values, particularly those that encourage consumers to be disrespectful, lackadaisical, and antisocial.  They include magazines and music videos that glorify and reinforce outrageous behaviors, such as cursing, abusing drugs, body piercing, or devil worshipping.  They also desensitize youths to such controversial issues as rape, promiscuity, murder, and police shooting.  Portraying discontent, deprivation, and anger as part of pop culture, many music videos are indescribably graphic and mind-boggling.

Extremist materials, as it sounds, instigate users to engage in usually destructive behaviors that are beyond one’s wildest imagination.  For instance, racist groups such as the Ku Klux Klan in the USA, publicly advocate a lily-white society without the existence of other ethnic groups.  Political wings may advocate communism, terrorism, and other dangerous ideologies through the media. Cult leaders often try to lure members using pamphlets and other kinds of media.  Some modeling agencies tend to promote eating disorders by placing stick-thin models in glossy magazines.  Many designers advertise their products and services by using shocking gimmicks that innerve parents and other authorities.  Many kinds of potentially hazardous products, especially those related to food and nutrition, beauty care, and health are often advertised in glossy magazines.

Lurid, counterculture, and extremist messages frequently appear in popular magazines, videos, and other types of media.  They should be censored because they may have a negative impact upon the moral and social outlook of the vulnerable, impressionable, or gullible.  Unable to distinguish between fantasy and reality, they may adopt the undesirable values and attitudes.  Further, many provocative messages tend to be subliminal or seemingly innocent, so censors have to be vigilant before the hardcopies hit the newsstands.  Due to censorship, many companies now produce two versions of their products:  the original copy and the edited version.  Many magazines or videos nowadays have a more “conservative” version for consumers living in countries that practice censorship.  Even censored materials should be rated as PG (with parental guidance) or G (for all age groups) to ensure that information does not get into the wrong hands.

Below is an argumentative essay on the benefits of the Internet.

(a)  Identify the thesis statement.

(b)  Identify the con arguments and pro arguments. 

(c)  Write an outline to show its topic sentences and supporting details.

 

Perhaps the most influential variable of communication technology, the Internet plays a crucial role in many aspects of our lives.  It helps us to accomplish many tasks from the comfort our home, ranging from buying merchandise, paying bills, researching for term papers, to striking up friendships.  Despite claims that the Internet causes alienation, loss of cultural identity, and loss of national identity, it promotes socialization, cultural awareness, and national identity.

Opponents may regard the Internet as a form of alienation as people are discouraged from having face-to-face interaction.  However, this is not true as the Internet actually promotes socialization.  It enables people to communicate with their family members, regardless of distance and time.  They can stay in touch with loved ones as long as they know how to type on a keyboard and click a mouse.  This helps to reduce stress, depression, and loneliness associated with alienation.  People who are able to chat on the Internet can socialize more effectively as they have to express their thoughts in written form.  Because every word can be saved and retrieved, Internet users tend to be more careful with what they have to say, leading to more favorable interpersonal connection and positive social skills.  The Internet also provides an opportunity for users to socialize with family members, friends, and strangers in a culturally appropriate manner, as rudeness and other negative attitudes are not tolerated by others on the Internet.

Next, opponents may argue that the Internet has an adverse impact upon one’s cultural identity.  Users tend to be increasingly influenced by western cultures and values, neglecting their own.  On the other hand, it is just the contrary as the Internet is an effective tool to promote cultural awareness.  It introduces other cultures into the users’ homes, which in turn enhances their cultural knowledge.  It is actually beneficial for youths to know more about different cultures, especially western ones.  Since many aspire to pursue a tertiary education in western countries, it is important for them to access the Internet to gain basic information about their geography, history, and cultural values. Being knowledgeable about western cultures also enables various countries to cooperate in terms of world peace and globalization.

In addition, opponents may insist that the Internet cause the loss of national identity.   Users tend to pay less attention to their own country as they become increasingly interested in western countries.  However, this is a fallacy as it can be effective medium for the promotion of national identity.  It can be used to pose useful information about the people, culture, and economy of a country.  For instance, many travel agencies and tourist promotion boards have websites that present their countries as an ideal destination for trade, education, and travel. 

The Internet has three major advantages; it enhances socialization, cultural awareness, and national identity.  It enables users to socialize with others easily with less time compared to the snail mail.  They no longer have to wait for a long time or travel far to communicate with loved ones.  Since the Internet connects users’ with the rest of the world, it helps increase their cultural awareness.  For instance, Internet users tend to be much more knowledgeable about international cultures compared to non-users.  National identity can be strengthened via the Internet, as it can be effectively used to promote the positive attributes of a country.  For instance, national websites that focus on the geography, history, commerce, and cultural values of a nation tend to foster a sense of unity and identity among its various races.  Therefore, the Internet should be promoted as a medium for socialization, cultural knowledge, and national development.     

Below is an essay contending that academic qualifications are not important for success in life.

(a)  Identify the thesis statement.

(b)  Identify the con arguments and pro arguments. 

(c)  Write an outline to show its topic sentences and supporting details.

It is a common belief that having a widely recognized academic qualification is essential to success in life.  Every year, many Asian countries are willing to allocate a huge proportion of their national revenue on education, hoping that it would alleviate poverty and enhance socioeconomic development. This might be effective two decades ago, considering the scarcity of tertiary education and degree holders.  Despite claims that an academic qualification is essential for future success, overemphasis of it will ultimately lead to failure and disillusionment, considering the changing needs of society, job prospects, and attitudes toward work.

Opponents may argue that an academic qualification is the key to success in life, as it enables individuals to fulfill their dreams, especially vocational goals.  However, the current needs of society differ drastically from those of two decades ago.  Just after obtaining its independence, our country was in dire need for intellects and professionals.  At present, many countries are overflowing with fresh university graduates who are only too willing to accept jobs that require merely a diploma.  Society has become so competitive that the industrial sector no longer needs graduates with paper qualifications but experienced workers who can guarantee quality.  Companies are no longer impressed by graduates with four, six, or even ten years of tertiary education, but the practical skills and job experience of applicants.            

Next, opponents may contend that an academic qualification is essential to have a promising future.  However, a bright future does not solely depend on academic results.  Most students aim to be the best in class and concentrate only on getting good grades.  They devote most of their time for school work, homework, and private tuition.  Their ambitions are often based on their parents’ preferences rather than their own interest.  Budding artists may be forced to take up engineering and other more lucrative qualifications.  Aspiring writers may have to stop composing in order to study business subjects.  Many children devote their entire childhood and youth for the sake of academic success, assuming that it will eventually lead career success.  Like robots, they only know their own specialization without any generic or soft skills that now play a more crucial role in their marketability and employability.  It is therefore not surprising that many recent university graduates find their hard-earned academic knowledge obsolete and their hopes dashed in the face of a constantly changing society.

While opponents may insist that individuals with an impressive academic qualification tend to exhibit positive attitudes toward work, many struggle hard for the sake of satisfying their own materialistic needs.  Students no longer learn for the sake of learning, as most are only interested in getting a certificate.  They rarely enjoy the things they learn and their knowledge is usually limited to rote memory rather than synthesis and evaluation.  As they lack critical thinking skills and creativity, they are incapable of problem solving in the real world.  They use examination results as a yardstick to vocational fulfillment, rather than interest, intrinsic motivation, and passion.  It is therefore reasonable to conclude that many fresh university graduates do not demonstrate the appropriate attitudes needed to become productive citizens of our country, as most of them are extrinsically motivated.

An academic qualification is not the sole criterion for future happiness.  Students should not study for the sake of passing examinations, as having impressive grades is insufficient for getting a job.  They should improve their generic or soft skills as well.  They should not study like robots, but should develop their creativity and critical thinking skills.  They should acquire knowledge for knowledge’s sake rather than seeing it as the key for materialistic gains.  Besides striving for a paper qualification, they should soft skills and engage in lifelong learning.            

 

Fung Lan Yong, 2006

   

Below is an essay on the definitions of success.

(1)  Identify the thesis statement

(2)  Write an outline to show its topic sentences and supporting details

Success is defined differently by different people, depending on various factors and circumstances.  It also depends on where people live as well as their cultural values and lifestyle.  It is often related to accomplishments, breakthroughs, or landslide victory.  It generally means achieving the life’s goals that can make one happy, fulfilled, and proud.  To achieve any kind of success largely depends on one’s perseverance.  It can be evidenced through one’s family, education, and career.

Many people believe that success means having a close-knit and harmonious family.   They feel contented coming home after a day’s work, seeing their family’s welcoming faces.  They value such contentment more than anything else, especially money.  They would rather spend more quality time with family than working extra hours.  They are willing to sacrifice their time and money to raise children and provide them a good education.  In short, their attitudes toward success are associated with how well their family members are faring.

Attaining one’s educational goals is another form of success. This kind of success is usually valued by students who try to complete all the requirements to get a diploma or degree.  Academic success is crucial for almost everybody, as most jobs require a diploma or basic degree nowadays.  With the current emphasis on lifelong learning, academic success is increasingly respected in our society, regardless of race, gender, and age.  Besides, it is difficult to attain other kinds of success without academic achievement, especially in Malaysia where young individuals are usually streamed according to examination performance.  Academic success can earn a person a prestigious title, leading to vocational and social success.

Having a respectable or high-flying career enables people to demonstrate that they are successful in their own community.  Doctors who have cured a rare disease, firefighters who have saved lives from burning buildings, and farmers who have reaped a bountiful harvest, all experience a great sense of achievement in their own way.  In brief, all individuals who have done a good job would have a successful feeling at the end of the day.

Success means different things to different people.  It may be associated with family values, academic success, and career attainment.  Regardless of how one defines it, one needs to work hard to achieve it.  Those who want a happy family should ensure that they are capable of taking good care of their loved ones.  Those who desire academic success should be committed to obtaining good examination results.  Those who aim for vocational success should strive to perform well on their job.  No matter what kind of success an individual wants, they should be persistent until they fulfill their goals.  It does not come easy, but it is within the reach of those who have persistence.    

  

Below is an essay on the characteristics of good road users.

(1)  Identify the thesis statement

(2)  Write an outline to show its topic sentences and supporting details

Using the road is a normal part of daily life for most individuals.  Without realizing it, people become road users when they try to get to different places, for example, office, shopping mall, or clinic.  They may walk, drive, cycle, or ride a horse.  Those who want to reach their destination safely should exhibit the behavioral and psychological characteristics of good road users.  Since it is better to arrive late than dead, it is important for all motorists and pedestrians to use the road with vigilance and consideration for others.  Above all, they should be well prepared, physically and mentally fit, and law-abiding.

Well prepared for their journey, good road users tend to arrive at their destination in one piece.  They check their vehicles thoroughly before embarking on a journey.  For instance, they make sure that the engine, wheels, and brakes are of good condition.  They also maintain a balanced diet and have sufficient rest so that they are fit to be on the road.  They take steps to ensure that they remain safe and sound until they reach their destination. For instance, they keep a first-aid kit and an extra wheel in their vehicle.  They are ready for any emergency while traveling on the road.

Physically and mentally sound, good road users are fully alert of the events and things around them as pedestrians or drivers.  Those who are physically exhausted or emotionally disturbed are unable to concentrate, thereby endangering themselves and others.  Drivers who are fully aware of their surroundings will be able to avoid jaywalkers, potholes, stray animals, and other obstacles along the way.  Besides, they drive only when they are capable of ensuring their own safety and others’.  They avoid driving when they are tired, sick, or upset.  Pedestrians who are good road users usually use the overhead bridge and zebra crossing instead of dashing across a highway.  They look left and right, and left again before crossing a street.

Good road users tend to be law-abiding, so they usually follow all the rules and regulations while walking or driving.  For instance, they observe all the traffic lights closely before taking any action.  As drivers, they stop their vehicle when the light turns red and at a pedestrian crossing.  They are aware of all the road signs and observe the speed limit.  As pedestrians, good road users avoid jaywalking and use the zebra crossing or overhead bridge when they are crossing the street.  They look left and right and then left again before crossing the street.  As motorcyclists, good road users wear helmets and avoid zigzagging through busy traffic.  In brief, road users who are law abiding tend to be patient, courteous, and considerate on the road. 

If all road users were adequately prepared, fit, and civic-conscious, fewer accidents would occur.  Traveling, especially during rush hours, would be more pleasant and safer.  In short, fewer lives would be lost due to road rage, recklessness, and drunken driving.  Therefore, they should ensure that they are well equipped for the journey in terms of vehicle safety, personal health, and knowledge of traffic rules and regulations.  All road users, regardless of their status and whereabouts, should consider road usage a privilege, not a right.  

    

Below is an essay on the importance of sports for students.

(1)  Identify the thesis statement

(2)  Write an outline to show its topic sentences and supporting details

Sports are physical activities in which individuals compete against each other.  They include hunting and fishing, but students are encouraged to engage in mostly field, water, and winter games. Very few colleges or universities have hunting or fishing grounds. Some sports are less exerting than others; for instance, playing table tennis is less strenuous than bungee jumping, while swimming is less extreme than skydiving or mountaineering.  Besides concentrating on their academic performance, students should take up sports, as it helps them to maintain mental and emotional health through psychomotor activities.  Playing sports enables individuals to get enough exercise, learn moral values, and develop good team spirit.

Playing sports exposes individuals to physical exercise that brings a host of benefits, including academic achievement.  Rather than lazing in front of the television set like a couch potato, students should do some exercise to burn off any extra calories and maintain ideal body weight.  Further, playing sports prevents obesity-related illness, such as heart disease, diabetes, and hypertension.  For example, playing badminton or swimming can help burn off fat and strengthen muscles.  They enhance people’s stamina so that they can fulfill their responsibilities energetically.  Besides maintaining optimal body temperature, perspiration also enables people to eliminate toxic substances from their body.

Students can acquire moral values through sports of which the main objective is not to create champions but to foster cooperation, empathy, and a sense of belonging.  Students can develop greater racial tolerance and cultural awareness by playing with others.  They also learn the value of friendly competition. Sports require them to give and take, so they tend to become more considerate.  Since they have to adhere by rules and regulations, they become more civic-conscious and disciplined, which are crucial for success in the real world.

Through sports, students learn the importance of team spirit in resolving problems.  They learn to play their part as leaders as well as followers.  They realize the importance of good working relationships in achieving success.  Further, they become aware that it is easier to solve a problem working as a team rather than alone.  They realize that no individual is an island and that people are interdependent.  Being part of a successful team also enhances their self-esteem, a basic ingredient for personal fulfillment and happiness.    

Since playing sports can foster physical fitness, moral values, and team work, students should play at least one sport.  Being physically fit enables them to prevent dangerous diseases and to have the strength to achieve their goals.  Being a good sport, they can interact with others with empathy and confidence.  Having good team spirit boosts their self-esteem that is essential for joyful living.  Overall, incorporating sports into their studies gives students the stamina to effectively cope with heavy academic demands.  

Below is an essay on the consequences of poor communication skills.

(1)  Identify the thesis statement

(2)  Write an outline to show its topic sentences and supporting details

Good communication skills are of paramount importance as they enable individuals to establish positive relationships with others and avoid misunderstandings.  To communicate effectively with others, one must be skilful in listening, speaking, writing, and interpreting nonverbal language. People with good communication skills experience more satisfying interpersonal relationships with family and peers than those who lack them.  Often, poor communication can have devastating consequences upon a parent-child, man-woman, and doctor-patient relationship.

   

The relationship between parent and child is perhaps the oldest and most complex in the history of humankind.  Serious communication problems may lead to lifelong bitterness and division among family members.  A young woman who wants to use her father’s car to go out with her friends at night may get a lecture instead.  She may then conclude that he never wants her to have fun, while in reality, he is only concerned about her failing grades.  If they fail to communicate their true feelings, their relationship would become strained. The young woman may start avoiding her father, while the latter may end up reprimanding her every time they meet.

    

Poor communication may have adverse impact upon a man-woman relationship.  Many couples quarrel or even part company because one party has communicated poorly to the other.  Lack of communication skills often results in petty misunderstandings, which after some time will evolve into endless bickering, heartache, and eventually an acrimonious divorce. Individuals with poor communication skills tend to make remarks without taking into account their loved ones’ perceptions and feelings.  In short, they are unable to empathize with others.

Although it is easy to forgive and forget miscommunication among friends, poor communication between a doctor and patient can be life-threatening.  For instance, patients who are unable to describe exactly what their problems are may get a misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment.  Doctors, on the other hand, should communicate their treatment through legible handwriting.  Patients who do not understand a doctor’s handwriting, which is often scribbled, should seek clarification before their illness becomes worse.  Besides, the ultimate victim will always be the patient should any miscommunication occur between the doctor and pharmacist.

    

It is to an individual’s benefit to polish their communication skills.  Misunderstandings can be avoided if they structure their sentences correctly and listen attentively.  The ability to communicate effectively is the foundation for various kinds of relationships, especially that between parent and child, man and woman, and patient and doctor.  Without it, relationships of any kind will fall apart long before they take root.  Fortunately, people can develop good listening, speaking, writing, and nonverbal skills through certain means, such as public speaking.  

Below is an essay on the importance of tertiary education.

(1)  Identify the thesis statement

(2)  Write an outline to show its topic sentences and supporting details

Tertiary education refers to formal education after secondary or high school, which requires college or university enrollment.  It has become a norm in Malaysia, so it would be difficult for individuals to get ahead in the Malaysian workforce without it.  Although it is not absolutely necessary to have a basic degree to get a job in most places, tertiary education enhances an individual’s employability and marketability, socioeconomic status, and lifestyle.

Individuals armed with tertiary education tend to have greater employability and marketability than those who are not.  Even if a graduate is not interested in building a multimillion-dollar business empire, no matter how tempting that sounds, but prefers to be an employee instead, they can still attain career success.  Most employers are interested in people with specialized knowledge and skills that can only be obtained from an institution of higher learning.  Those equipped with tertiary education are more able to walk the walk, talk the talk, and walk the talk, as they have been taught how to communicate effectively at college or university.  In short, tertiary education enables individuals to acquire the soft skills essential for succeeding in a job interview and subsequently getting a job, keeping it as well.      

Tertiary education equips individuals with the knowledge and skills to thrive in a particular field.  Ability to excel in their field enables them to earn a stable income with fringe benefits.  As they climb steadily up the corporate ladder, their financial power and influence increase.  As their socioeconomic status continues to rise, they become even more motivated to attain greater job success and meet more influential people.  They may also increase their financial clout by investing in real estate, stocks and bonds, franchises, and other business ventures.

With better employability and marketability and socioeconomic status, individuals can lead a better lifestyle than those who do not.  With a steady income, they can afford to have a better house, car, and other material things.  They can travel for leisure and recreation, wine and dine at five-star resorts, and indulge in their favorite hobbies more often.  They can hire a gardener, cleaner, and other domestic staff to make their life easier.  They can go to country clubs, throw lavish dinner parties, employ personal trainers, and see private doctors.  Without financial constraints, they can afford a lifestyle enriched with the things and activities that they desire most.

Since tertiary education has many benefits, students should strive hard to get good results in order to enroll in a good college or university.  Government loans and scholarships are available for poor students who excel in their studies.  Further, some banks also offer study loans to those who are willingly to commit themselves.  It is true that tertiary education is not the only way to succeed in life, and that some corporate giants, such as Bill Gates, have achieved fame and fortune without stepping foot into a college or university.  Nevertheless, tertiary education is one of the surest ways that guide mere mortals toward the path of greatness.  Although tertiary education, a well trodden path, is not as rewarding or challenging as the road less taken, it will help many individuals to reach their job destination and remain there until they find greener pastures.

Below is an essay supporting that the death penalty be abolished.

(a)  Identify the thesis statement.

(b)  Identify the con arguments and pro arguments. 

(c)  Write an outline to show its topic sentences and supporting details.

Capital punishment, especially the death penalty, is a controversial topic almost everywhere.  It includes sending a convicted criminal to the gallows, an electric chair, a firing squad, or a gas chamber.  It is usually meted out to those who have committed such heinous crimes as rape, murder, and drug trafficking. Despite claims that capital punishment serves as deterrence to crime, it should be abolished for four reasons:  the justice system is flawed; the death penalty is unconstitutional; many laws are discriminatory; and it is against the principle of life.  

Opponents will argue that capital punishment helps to reduce crime and protect human lives.  However, the justice system is not perfect and a person may lose their life for a crime they have never committed. Unlike a life sentence, the death penalty is irreversible.  Fresh evidence may show that a convicted criminal is actually not guilty, but it would be too late if they were already sentenced to death.  In the USA, many death row cases have been invalidated due fresh evidence of innocence or process problems.  Since 1900, some Americans had been wrongly executed, while many were wrongly convicted.  

While opponents will contend that capital punishment is the fairest way to deal with convicted criminals, the death penalty is unconstitutional.  For example, the Eighth Amendment of the US Constitution prohibits cruel and unusual punishment, while its Fourteenth Amendment guarantees equal protection and due process.  Capital punishment is cruel and unusual punishment, so it should be abolished. Further, no punishment is harsher than death, especially if it were applied to persons without a fair trial.  Murdering to stop murderers does not really do justice to any individual or society.

Even though opponents will insist that capital punishment is the most appropriate way to prevent crime, imposing the death penalty is highly discriminatory considering the race and IQ of the convicted criminal.  In the US, a larger percentage of those convicted of killing whites received the death penalty, implying that convicted killers of whites were more likely to get capital punishment than convicted killers of non-whites.  Some people have committed murder because of low IQ; they simply do not have the mental capability to distinguish right from wrong.  Under strain, a person with severe psychosis, such as schizophrenia, might lose their sanity and kill.  They deserve to be institutionalized rather than sentenced to death.

Opponents will say “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth,” but in reality, capital punishment goes against the principle of life; no one should be allowed to take another person’s life.   

Capital punishment, akin to merciless killing and murder, is just as sadistic as the crime committed by the convicted criminal.  Most religious authorities preach that life and death rest in God’s hand.  The long arm of the law is not empowered to take life with vengeance in mind. 

Capital punishment should be abolished for four reasons:  no judicial system is perfect; the death penalty is unconstitutional; discrimination often occurs in the court of law; and it goes against the principle of life.  It is often difficult to prove beyond doubt that someone is actually guilty of murder.  The race of an alleged criminal may influence judicial outcomes.  Most religions do not approve of terminating life as a way of justice.  Convicted criminals should be sentenced to life imprisonment so that they have a chance to develop a better conscience.  It is a better healing process for the family of the victims as they can confront the convicted for their despicable acts.  Further, the convicted should be allowed to live as laborers who, under police surveillance, can help maintain the prison grounds and other public facilities.

Yong, F L 2008, ‘Capital punishment should be abolished’, Swinburne University of Technology, Sarawak. 

Task

1.  Read the essay carefully and write a proper outline.

2.  Name the source using Harvard style.

3.  Summarize the essay in 150 words.

Below is an essay on the benefits of English literature.

                                                          

(1)  Identify the thesis statement

(2)  Write an outline to show its topic sentences and supporting details

English literature includes novels, plays, poetry, and short stories.  It is creative writing that portrays the complexities and mysteries of life.  Appreciation of literature enables individuals to read and understand prose and poetry for information and enjoyment.  Literature is a window that allows people to glimpse at a fascinating range of cultures and traditions.  It broadens their horizons, teaches them about human values, and helps them on their journey of self-discovery.  Frost maintains that literature begins in delight and ends in wisdom.  Literature can be used to enhance students’ English proficiency, moral reasoning, and critical thinking skills.

Literature is often used to teach English, which includes reading, writing, and reciting.  Most people enjoy reading interesting stories or plays.  Reading enables them to improve their grammar, sentence structure, and vocabulary.  It broadens their minds and makes them more knowledgeable concerning various issues.  Literature augments their writing skills as it exposes them to different writing styles.  It inspires them to develop their potential in writing poetry, plays, or short stories.  Reciting poems, fairy tales, or short stories enables them to improve their communication skills.  It makes learning more active and meaningful since they have to use all their five senses.  Besides fun, recitation also improves their listening skills, pronunciation, and vocabulary.           

Moral values are often the major theme of literature.  Most novels, plays, or stories contain opposing elements of good and bad, with a conclusion that good would triumph eventually over evil.  Moral values commonly emphasized in literature include love, honesty, industry, independence, and courage.  Literature motivates individuals to adopt moral values through the unique experiences of its protagonists, who serve as heroes.  It inspires them to refrain from immorality though the devastating experiences or untimely death of its antagonists.  Many literary characters are role models whose moral values have helped them overcome challenges and even cheat death.

Critical thinking skills can be taught using literature, which requires individuals to analyze, synthesize, and evaluate information.  For instance, they can analyze human character and behavior through literature.  After reading various novels or plays, they can synthesize the information by creating something new.   They also learn to evaluate different perspectives before drawing their own conclusions.  Literature helps people develop higher level thinking skills by encouraging them to reflect upon various actions or issues before drawing logical conclusions.  For instance, to determine whether a particular character is a hero or villain, they have to evaluate their actions first.  Evaluation enables people to gain insight into human behavior and enhances their problem solving skills.

Literature can foster English mastery, moral development, and critical thinking skills.  People can improve their English language skills by reading novels, stories, or poetry that contains a wealth of information.  Since moral values are emphasized in most literature works, they may be inspired to be loving, honest, or kind by the protagonists.  Finally, literature can be used to improve their critical thinking skills as it contains human values for them to analyze, synthesize, and evaluate.  To reap its benefits, people should spend more time reading at the library or surfing the Internet for literary materials.       

  

Below is an essay on reasons for getting married.

(1)  Identify the thesis statement

(2)  Write an outline to show its topic sentences and supporting details

Marriage is a lifelong commitment that requires affection, devotion, and compromise between two individuals.  For a couple with different personalities to live together in harmony on a long-term basis, they have to work in tandem to keep the marriage intact.  Before taking the plunge, individuals should be physically, psychologically, and financially prepared to shoulder the heavy responsibilities of marriage and family.  In general, people get married for personal, cultural, and religious reasons.  

Most people would agree that marriage is strictly a personal matter, keeping the reasons to themselves.  Nevertheless, people may get married because having a family gives them a deep sense of fulfillment.  Nothing brings them greater happiness and joy than sharing with their own life partner and children.  Nothing gives them more excitement than seeing their own children through different life stages.  Besides, people may also get married to lead a better lifestyle.  By marrying someone rich, they can raise their socioeconomic status which entitles them many social and financial benefits.  For instance, they can meet more influential people and get better jobs than those who are less well known.  

Most cultures emphasize that marriage serves to perpetuate traditional values.  For instance, it is a tradition for certain cultures to start a family when a person reaches childbearing age.  Single-hood is discouraged as they believe that people need children to take care of them in old age.  They also believe that children are essential to continue the family lineage or name.  Some cultures still regard women as the fairer gender that needs men to enrich and even prolong their lives.  Still others uphold that marriage can prevent couples from cohabiting without a valid license or from having children born out of wedlock.  It can also prevent socially and culturally inappropriate practices that can bring shame of dishonor, such as abortion and fornication. 

Most religions emphasize the importance of marriage and family, but discourage any deviations from the marriage institution, such as cohabitation.  Similar to certain cultures, many religions espouse marriage and family to perpetuate moral values. Marriage ensures that their tenets and rituals are infinitely observed and spread.  Further, certain religions specify the roles and responsibilities of men and women; women are strongly encouraged to become wives and mothers to fulfill their moral obligations.  They also ascertain that marriage helps deter crimes of passion and prevent believers from falling prey to social abominations. 

Personal, cultural, and religious values are the main factors influencing people to get married.  People may tie the knot in search of personal happiness in the form of family and children, financial standing, and lifestyle. Others do so due to their traditional outlook in relation to the roles of men, women, and children.  Still others believe that marriage can propagate their religious beliefs and prevent one’s modesty from being outraged.  Regardless of what people’s motives are, marriage is an age-old institution revered in almost every society.  Therefore, a married couple is obliged to make it work to avoid any adverse consequences for breaking it.   

      

Below is an essay arguing that arranged marriage is obsolete.

(1)  Identify the argumentation plan

(1)  Identify the general statements and thesis statement

(2)  Write an outline to show its topic sentences and supporting details

In the olden days, many cultures practiced arranged marriage whereby parents had the right to select a spouse for their children.  Parents might want a say in their children’s marriage because they wanted them to marry someone healthy, honorable, or wealthy.  Arranged marriage once included child marriage, whereby a female child would be sold to the boy’s family and would marry him when both came of age.  While opponents will say that arranged marriage has its own merits, it should not be practiced because it disallows freedom of choice, limits opportunities for socialization, and infringes the individual rights of others.

Opponents will argue that arranged marriage has been practiced since time immemorial as a social custom that deserves reverence.  However, it is outmoded as freedom of choice is highly valued in modern societies.  Today, people even demand freedom of choice in terms of their own gender, sexual lifestyle, and other practices deemed unlawful before.  Today, individual freedom is regarded as a basic human right.  Many children no longer want their parents to make decisions for them once they are eighteen years of age.  Besides, parents should encourage their children to make independent choices and learn from their own mistakes.  Mature individuals who cannot make critical life decisions will be ridiculed as being strung to an apron.    

Even though opponents will claim arranged marriage can protect one’s reputation, it limits one’s opportunities to socialize with the opposite gender before marriage.  People nowadays prefer to establish friendship or “go steady” prior to making a long-term commitment.  Arranged marriage is often made in haste, so it does not allow people to know the idiosyncratic tendencies of their future spouses.  This may result in a clash of personalities, spousal abuse, or even divorce.  In contrast, free dating allows two individuals to decide whether they are right for each other before signing the marriage contract.  In short, it encourages them to select the most desirable suitor without any parental interference or pressure.

While opponents will support parental rights, arranged marriage infringes the individual rights of others. Young adults have the right to make their own decisions concerning whom they wish to marry.  They have the right to veto their parents’ suggestions that appear biased.  Parents should respect their children as individuals who have the right to make informed decisions on critical life issues.  They have to relinquish their rights once their children turn eighteen years of age. 

       

Arranged marriage is no longer in vogue as it limits freedom of choice, discourages socialization, and impinges on the rights of others.  Today, most people practice freedom of choice when making lifelong decisions.  Socialization enables them to get to know more friends and eventually select the most suitable one as their spouse.  Parents must respect the individual rights of their children and allow them to make their decisions.  Considering the negative implications of arranged marriage, it is better for individuals to seek their own life partners without being overly dependant on significant others.  Individuals ripe for marriage should be able to decide whom they want to spend the rest of their lives with.        

Below is a descriptive essay on how to dazzle Foundation lecturers.

(1)  Identify the thesis statement

(2)  Write an outline to show its topic sentences and supporting details

Lecturers play a crucial role in the academic performance of Foundation students.  Without them, Foundation students can go nowhere as they serve as knowledge transmitters, role models, and mentors.  Foundation students should dazzle, not frazzle, their lecturers to reap the benefits of a positive student-lecturer relationship.  To dazzle their lecturers, Foundation students should show respect, exhibit positive attitudes, and demonstrate deep interest toward learning.         

Respect is the cornerstone for all successful human interactions, particularly in the Foundation classroom.  Without it, neither lecturers nor students can execute their responsibilities in a meaningful manner.  The classroom situation will be chaotic, saturated with disdain and negativity.  Students can demonstrate respect in many ways.  For example, they should be courteous to their lecturers under all circumstances.  They should never argue angrily with lecturers, especially over examinations, as it may arouse feelings of mutual disrespect.  Alternatively, they should present their ideas clearly and support them with evidence, but not anger.

Attitudes often influence how people feel and act.  Positive attitudes are usually associated with favorable emotions and behavior while negative attitudes generally cause problems.  Foundation students can demonstrate positive attitudes in numerous ways.  For instance, they should take learning seriously and never treat classes as unwanted obligations.  Students who yawn, sleep, chat, or make faces will antagonize their lecturers, leading them to conclude that they do not belong in the class.  Further, students who read newspapers, scowl, sneer, or sit back with their arms crossed, will irritate their lecturers.  They might be better advised to withdraw or transfer to another class.         

   

Lecturers are often impressed by students who are serious about learning.  Being punctual for classes, completing assignments and projects promptly, and doing well in assessments indicate that a student is enthusiastic about a course.  Foundation students should invest themselves as much as possible to show that they are enthusiastic about their courses.  Students who play truant or fail but claim to know the subject matter well will aggravate their lecturers, leading to academic failure.  It is better for students to study diligently to establish a favorable reputation with their lecturers who in turn may be willing to meet them halfway.    

In sum, there are several ways to dazzle Foundation lecturers, but respect, positive attitudes, and interest are fundamental in establishing a positive student-lecturer relationship.  Respect is a basic human need and an individual must first show respect before others are willing to interact with him or her. Without respect, successful interaction will not occur.  Positive attitudes can help foster better relationships, while negative attitudes often lead to ill feelings and academic failure.  Students who are serious about learning usually adopt behaviors valued by their lecturers and project a favorable image.  Being human, lecturers tend to react positively to students who share the same values.        

Below is a process essay on how to aggravate Foundation lecturers.

(1)  Identify the thesis statement

(2)  Identify the transition signals

(3)  Write an outline to show its steps and details

To make Foundation lecturers angry, just follow these steps. After slumping into a seat way at the back, let out a loud yawn and start making faces at others.  Then start arguing angrily with the lecturer over your exam mark without raising your hand first.  After that, act as if you know it all, assuming that others have nothing valuable to say.  In short, do not listen to, or acknowledge the contributions of others. Fellow students and lecturers are bound to be annoyed by know-it-all students. 

If that is not obnoxious enough, go ahead and begin telling emotional and personal stories that lead to nowhere.  Do not fight the temptation of telling everyone about yourself or what you did during the previous weekend or what you have achieved so far.   Just to irritate the lecturer further, fish out a Enquirer magazine, lean back with your arms half stretched, and start flipping the tabloid pages in such a way that the lecturer could not help but realize how unhappy you are. 

To delve into a total state of relaxation, suck a pop-sickle or chew a piece of peppermint gum.  If you carry out your antics steadily all along, the lecturer will probably be writing a resignation letter soon.  

Below is a process essay on how to cook ramen.

(1)  Identify the thesis statement

(2)  Identify the transition signals

(3)  Write an outline to show the steps and details

Many individuals would agree wholeheartedly that ramen is one of their most cherished kinds of fast food.  Ramen offers a variety of flavors, including curry, chicken, beef, and tom yam.  Consumption of ramen is so widespread in Malaysia that any waiter at any coffee shop would know immediately what to serve when the order ‘One ramen!’ or ‘Ramen satu!’

Nevertheless, the phenomenal popularity of ramen in various countries has led many consumers to take it for granted, considering it as merely instant noodles to satisfy the appetite rather than to please the palette.

To maintain its freshness, aroma, taste while simultaneously making it easy to prepare, some manufacturers have established the ultimate way to prepare a packet of ramen. To increase consumer satisfaction, simple steps on how to cook the instant noodles are listed at the back of every richly colored packet.  The succinct instructions are as follows:

First, four hundred milliliters of water is poured into a pot and brought a boil.  Next, the aromatic seasoning is added in and the water is stirred until its color changes.  Then, the elegantly packed ramen is dropped into the hot soup.  Subsequently, the mouthwatering contents are stirred for another two minutes.  In addition, to get the right texture depends on how long the person leaves the appetizing noodles on the boil.  To have springy noodles only requires two minutes of patience, while the softer version only necessitates another minute or two.  However, ramen should not be cooked too long; otherwise, the person evidently will end up eating tongue burning flour instead of a savory, heartwarming meal.

With these vivid instructions on every irresistible packet, it is the high hope of various internationally known ramen manufacturers that consumers, regardless of their age, gender, and socioeconomic status, will relish the authentic taste of their instant noodles and continue incorporating them in their daily menus.

Below is an essay arguing that English will always remain a global language.

(a)  Identify the thesis statement.

(b)  Identify the con arguments and pro arguments. 

(c)  Write an outline to show its topic sentences and supporting details.

English is the current global language of the known world, and always will be.  Like its predecessors, it is a powerful medium of communication.  However, unlike its predecessors, it is a language that evolves along with technology and time.  The writer agrees that English will remain as the most important language in communication even as globalization and technological advancements have removed various barriers of communication, as it is a powerful, descriptive, and highly learnable language.

Firstly, opponents of the writer’s stance will argue that English has lost its dominance and prominence as a global language, simply because an increasing number of people do not speak English at all.  However, English is still being utilized as the main language in such crucial fields as medicine, education, engineering, and politics.  Opponents only need to pick up their cell phone to see what language is used.  Official paperwork and computer software in most countries are mostly delivered in English to facilitate international business and global understanding.  Furthermore, English is valued as a second language for most people around the world who require a more popular medium of communication, apart from their native language.   These facts justify that English is still dominates the arena of communication.

Secondly, opponents often raise the issue of slang and bastardization of the English Language and maintain that it has lost its elegance.  However, English is evolving with the standards and needs of the changing times.  English can be used to not only expand descriptions but also to create new means of expressing opinions.  Most scientific, psychological, and law concepts are more aptly described in English than in other languages.  It is very difficult to translate a majority of the scientific and law terms to another language.

Moreover, English is so resilient that it has become highly acculturated in many countries; it is now available in many varieties, for example, Singlish (Singaporean English), Manglish (Malaysian English), and Pidgin. An exchange of worlds and words not only boost the vocabulary of the English Language, but also enriches the language itself.  Opponents should not perceive English as being adversely affected by globalization, but should recognize its ability to evolve and adapt to new environments and situations.

Finally, opponents often reiterate that English is a difficult language to master.  However, it is not true if individuals start learning it at a young age and show some enthusiasm toward acquiring it as a second language.  Learning it is not only fun, but also rewarding and fulfilling as students usually find themselves immersed in a multicultural setting.  Most Intensive English classes comprise students from different countries, all striving to improve their English communication skills with the main goal of continuing their tertiary studies.  Besides experiencing great fun interacting with other users, reading, writing, and oral presentation also present an exciting world of literature and knowledge.  English is not a boring and archaic examination subject, but a lively and interesting language that offers a broad array of benefits.

In sum, English should not be regarded as an undesirable subject just because some people are not enthusiastic about it.  A person does not necessarily have to acquire native speaker standards; as long as he or she can adequately communicate and present ideas is sufficient in this part of the world.  Only a certain degree of mastery is essential for business communication.  Overall, the fact that English is an aesthetic and dynamic language enables it to maintain its position as the global language of yesterday, today, and tomorrow.

          

Below is an essay arguing that coeducational schools are better than single-gender schools.

(a)  Identify the thesis statement.

(b)  Identify the con arguments and pro arguments. 

(c)  Write an outline to show its topic sentences and supporting details.

Academic institutions are places where students have to attend to achieve a better future.  They can either be coeducational or single-gender and both systems have advantages and disadvantages.  Coeducation is often the choice of the majority as it produces more competent graduates, develops more effective communication skills, and prepares graduates to face the world inhabited by two genders.  Opponents may contend that women progress better in single-gender institutions, gain confidence with high greater sense of purpose and do things they never have thought possible. However, coeducation provides more generic advantages while producing more competent graduates with better communication skills and ability to take on the world.  Co-educational institutions are generally better as they enhance students’ academic achievement, vocational success, and self-confidence by providing an environment conducive for the development of leadership skills.

  

Opponents often argue that women from single-gender institutions experience higher chances of scholastic and career attainments as graduates from women’s colleges are twice as likely to earn doctorates and constitute one-third of the Fortune 1000 company board members.  Opponents may add that thirty percent of the graduates from women’s colleges have become Business Week’s 50 highest ranking women in corporate America.  They may insist that graduates from women’s colleges demonstrate greater self-assurance as they experience fewer distractions, gaining the self-esteem necessary to develop their potential to the fullest.  Further, it is contended that students from women’s colleges can develop better leadership skills as they encounter fewer social and political barriers; they have higher chances of being elected as leaders.  Since all these points are not applicable to the large majority of women, the writer would like to refute the opponents’ points by presenting a new set of evidence and arguments.

The writer believes that single-gender education actually lowers the academic and vocational achievements of women.  As the opponents have mentioned, women only constitute one-third of the board members of Fortune 1000 and barely thirty percent of Business Week’s 50 highest ranking individuals in corporate America.  It is reasonable to conclude that the remaining two-thirds of the board members and seventy percent of the Business Week’s 50 highest ranking individuals have graduated from coeducational institutions.  This shows that graduates from coeducational institutions have higher chances of intellectual and job success than their counterparts from single-gender institutions.

Further, the writer believes that in coeducation, both genders can show a high level of healthy academic competition as female students would want to demonstrate that they are just as capable as, or even more capable than their male counterparts.  Male students, on the other hand, would not want to experience any embarrassment or defeat.  Both genders would strive harder and focus more on their studies to achieve higher grades.  The single-gender environment encourages academic competition with members of the same gender; therefore, does not generate the type of motivation needed to attain academic or vocational success.

    

Single-gender education is not effective in enhancing the self-assurance of students.  Graduates from a single-gender background may find it difficult to interact with members of the opposite gender as they lack the necessary exposure.  This will in turn lower their self-esteem and confidence to negotiate or discuss matters with future colleagues.  They may face fewer distractions and perform well in a single-gender environment, but they may encounter gender-related problems in the real world of work.  Coming face-to-face with members of the opposite gender at the workplace may cause uneasiness and even serious interpersonal problems for graduates of single-gender institutions; losing confidence and self-esteem in front of the opposite gender may result in their failing to perform their best or showing their best potential.

Coeducational institutions are more effective in inculcating leadership skills.  Students who acquire leadership skills in single-gender institutions may not lead that well in a working environment that comprise both genders.  A single-gender environment presents fewer social and political barriers, but such barriers can be of advantage to students.  Students from a coeducational setting learn have to overcome more social and political barriers, making them psychologically tougher and readier to face the real world beset with similar kinds of barriers.  Those from a single-gender environment may find it hard to lead those from coeducational setting due to differences in learning experiences and attitudes.

In sum, single-gender institutions tend to limit students’ intellectual, vocational, and social development.  They are not conducive for leadership training for the real world.  Coeducational students have more opportunities to develop interpersonal communication skills through interacting with the opposite gender; to develop problem solving skills through overcoming social and political barriers; to develop leadership skills through facing real life challenges.

Below is an essay comparing and contrasting the challenges of secondary school and foundation studies.

(1)  Identify the thesis statement

(2)  Write an outline to show its topic sentences and supporting details

Learning is a lifelong process that requires most individuals to go through primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of education. To begin their tertiary education, students must go through at least five years of secondary school and, subsequently, one year of foundation studies.  While in secondary school, students have to pass a specific number of subjects before they can graduate.  In Malaysia, secondary school students must pass a government examination that requires them to sit at least six compulsory subjects before they proceed to pre-university or foundation studies.  Both secondary school and foundation studies are challenging stages of a student’s life.  Challenges faced by secondary school and foundation students are similar in terms of academic burden and consequences of failure, but are different in terms of learning styles and socialization.

Both secondary school and foundation students face heavy academic burden that requires strong willpower to bear.  Both groups have homework assignments, tests, and examinations as partial fulfillments, in addition to attendance and extracurricular activities. Although secondary school students often receive all the notes required to get good grades, they still need to study hard to be able to regurgitate the facts and apply the formulae.  Foundation students may have access to the library and computer laboratory to become Einstein themselves, but they will still fail if they lack willpower to make full use the facilities.  However, both groups can enjoy academic success if they allocate enough time for academic pursuits and play.

Both secondary school and foundation students face similar consequences if they fail.  Secondary school students who keep failing even after paying serious attention to their subjects are usually referred to a counselor.  Foundation students receive similar treatment if they fail a certain number of subjects. Both groups will be put on probation and even face expulsion if they show no improvement after receiving help from various authorities.  In general, both groups experience fear of failure until they have passed all the subjects.

Secondary school differs from foundation in terms of students’ learning styles.  Secondary school students are treated as adolescents while foundation students as adults.  Although secondary school students have to follow strict rules and regulations, they are given notes for revision.  Most secondary school teachers spoon-feed their students to ensure that they pass their examinations.  Further, secondary school students can purchase supplementary or reference books that contain revisionary notes, past year papers, and model answers.  In contrast, Foundation students have to acquire note-taking skills; they have to locate information from the library or Internet themselves with some basic guidance from their lecturers.  In brief, they are expected to show more independent learning and critical thinking skills than secondary school students.

Socialization among secondary school students greatly differs from that among foundation students.  In secondary school, socializing is simple and fun.  Friendship only requires basic communication skills and some common interests.  Unlike foundation students, secondary school students do not need the latest cell phones, designer clothes, or fancy cars to impress others.  While secondary school students basically talk and play with one another, foundation students tend to see who have the latest gadgets or accessories.  They like to compete with each other, not in terms of studies but in terms of material things.  While secondary school students have to wear uniforms, foundation students may form their own glamour gangs to show off their branded goods.  Some of them even use their parents’ money to buy heavily modified cars, so-called toys for boys. 

Secondary school and foundation students face both similar and different challenges.  Both groups have to demonstrate strong willpower to achieve academically.  To get good grades, they need to appropriately divide their time for studies and leisure.  Both secondary school and foundation students face similar consequences if they fail their subjects; they will first receive counseling and put on probation until they catch up.  However, they face expulsion if they continue to show no improvement.  Secondary school and foundation studies require different learning styles.  Secondary school students depend on their teachers most of the time, while foundation students have to find information themselves.  The former are often spoon fed with notes and merely regurgitate during examinations, while the latter are expected to demonstrate critical thinking skills.  Overall, both secondary school and foundation students have to work hard to overcome various inevitable challenges.       

Below is a process essay on how to treat minor cuts and grazes.

(1)  Identify the thesis statement

(2)  Identify the transition signals

(3)  Write an outline to show its steps and details

Not everybody knows how to treat minor cuts and grazes appropriately.  Nevertheless, such basic knowledge is very useful when someone around has sustained a minor injury or cut himself or herself on some broken glass. Treating minor cuts or grazes requires a few simple steps.

First, individuals who are injured should be spoken to gently, especially if they are very young.  This will calm them down, allowing their wound to be cleaned easily.  Then the cut or graze is thoroughly cleaned with running water.  Even if the wound does not look dirty, it should be adequately cleaned to prevent infection. 

The wound is then patted dry with clean tissue or sterile cotton.  After that, some cotton wool that has been dipped in warm water and antiseptic should be used to clean the skin around the wound thoroughly. Besides, the wound should be wiped with fresh cotton each time. 

Subsequently, clean gauze should be placed over the wound as temporary protection.  During this stage, the cut or graze should be examined more closely.  Only a plaster is required if it is a small cut; however, if it is a large cut or graze, a pair of clean tweezers is needed to remove any foreign particles such as dirt or glass.  After doing so, the large cut or graze is covered with some gauze that should be kept in place with a firmly tied bandage. 

Finally, the wound should be covered until it is entirely healed.  Meanwhile, great care should be exercised to ensure that it remains undisturbed by any unavoidable activities.

Below is a short essay that compares and contrasts letter writing and using e-mail.

(1)  Identify the thesis statement

(2)  Identify the connectors

(3)  Write an outline to show the topic sentences and supporting details.

There are several ways that people can communicate with one another, including writing letters and using e-mail.  Both ways of communication, with their own advantages, play a crucial role in the business world.  Letters and e-mails share some similar characteristics, but they also differ in distinct ways.

Letters and e-mails share similarities in certain aspects. Both letter and e-mail require users to have a good command of language, for instance, English. They also require the correct address to reach the recipient. The home address should be clearly written on the envelope if communication through letter is adopted. Likewise, the e-mail address should be typed correctly for an e-mail to reach its destination. In addition, like letters, e-mails require people to adhere to certain etiquette.

Although letters and e-mail share similarities, there are some differences between them. The speed of delivery for a letter is much slower compared to e-mail. Besides, while a letter requires the correct amount of postage, e-mail only requires the person to click a button to have a message delivered.  Letter is known as snail mail. On the contrary, e-mail can reach the recipient in seconds. Most individuals value privacy when it comes to written communication.  In contrast to letter, information in e-mail is more difficult to be stolen as a password is required to access the computer.  Letter writing does not need any hardware except some stationery, but the information might be lost or stolen before it reaches the recipient. 

In sum, letters and e-mails are similar as they both require the use of appropriate language, address, and etiquette.  However, their differences lie mainly in the fact that letters require more time to reach their destination and are easier to leak or get stolen.

            

Below is an essay on the causes and effects of drug abuse.

(1)  Identify the thesis statement

(2)  Write an outline to show its topic sentences and supporting details

These days, some drugs are no longer used solely for curing diseases, but they are also taken for other purposes. Drugs once used for alleviating the symptoms of flu and fever are now abused by some adolescents who want to become euphoric.  For example, codeine found in cough syrup is abused by many street youths to become oblivious to their surroundings.  Ecstasy, a stimulant, is commonly consumed by rave partiers as it enables to them dance long hours without experiencing fatigue.  Shoe glue, an inhalant, is often used by the homeless to curb hunger and pain.  Drug abuse is a serious social ill affecting many people, regardless of socioeconomic status, age, or gender.  To control drug abuse, governments and citizens need to examine its causes while highlighting its life threatening effects.  Common causes of drug abuse among adolescents include parental neglect, peer pressure, media influence, curiosity, and stress, while effects include mental illness, crime, academic failure, and untimely death.      

Lack of parental guidance and is considered one of the principal causes of drug abuse among adolescents and young adults.  Many parents are either too engrossed with their work or unaware of the impact of their prolonged absence at home.  Parents are primarily responsible in determining their children’s activities outside school hours.  Neglected children tend to run a greater risk of abusing drugs than others.  They may abuse drugs to attract their parents’ attention, reduce boredom or loneliness, and gain peer acceptance.  They will not easily succumb to such emotional problems if their parents are around to guide and lend them a patient ear.  Further, some parents lack drug-related knowledge to act as role models.  They themselves may overdose on over-the-counter drugs in an attempt to cure a minor ailment.  Besides, some parents also believe that it is the teachers’ moral responsibility to ensure that the young can determine whether drugs heal or take them high to the skies.

Many adolescents experience peer pressure that is powerful enough to make them abuse drugs.  Peers often exert greater influence on adolescents than teachers or parents.  Unfortunately, not all peers will lead an adolescent to a bright successful path; some will bring him or her to a dark smoke-filled den occupied by hardcore addicts.  Thrill-seekers may bring him or her to nightclubs, rave parties, and other entertainment centers that promise intense pleasure, an instant rush, or a wonderful carefree lifestyle.  From smoking a stick of cigarette, gullible adolescents can progress to marijuana, crack cocaine, and heroin, ultimately finding themselves sprawling across a rat-infested pavement in a deadly bad shape.          

Drug abuse is often associated with peer pressure, which is inevitable in young adulthood. Peer pressure may cause someone to become popular or to be known as a geek or nerd, depending on whether he or she can resist or succumb to it.  Being popular is very important to many college students as they do not want to be labeled as nerds or geeks.  Being popular is considered as cool, while being a geek or nerd is a disgrace in the student community.  Those who abuse drugs are often perceived as cool and are therefore admired by junior students. To be part of the popular crowd, many college freshmen become involved in drugs and alcohol.  Popularity also brings them to rave parties where drugs are often used to generate more fun and excitement. Having a fun night out with popular peers is a dream to many college students; unfortunately, they may be destroying their own future and become a menace to society.

Both electronic and printed media often portray drugs in a positive light. Drugs are often projected as the best solution to the slightest physical or emotional discomfort on television.  They are glamorized by popular entertainment stars and athletes, some of whom are only too happy to discuss their drug rehabilitation experience openly on entertainment television.  Many television shows, movies, and magazines depict drugs as a venue to glamour, popularity, and even healthful living.  Many direct sale brochures contain glossy pictures of drugs that promise perpetual youth and even longevity.  Others encourage look-conscious individuals to take drugs to improve their physical appearance.  Many electronic and printed advertisements baselessly claim that their drugs can enhance consumers’ mental, social, and emotional wellbeing.  Influenced by the media, many consumers not only have wasted their money on drugs that offer alternative therapy or healing properties, but may endanger their own lives and others’.  Certain media have advertized, even been sued, for promoting drugs that cause serious organ damage rather than peace of mind or beauty.

College students may abuse drugs in their attempt to reduce stress.  Believing that academic achievement is essential for job success and better life, many college students strive to obtain excellent grades.  Having high expectations and unrealistic goals can cause a tremendous amount of stress.  Students are tempted to use drugs to increase their energy level, attention span, and memory.  Those who feel depressed after experiencing failure may abuse alcohol or anti-depressants to get some relief.  Further, college students may also experience personal problems that can bring a lot of anxiety and stress.  To block out their personal problems and stress, some use drugs to numb their feelings or escape from harsh reality.  College students who are genetically predisposed to depression may become worse due to academic stress.  They may self-medicate to cope with academic demands as well as to reduce stress and tension.  College students who experience financial stress may use drugs to help them juggle between studies and a part-time job.  They may take drugs just to keep themselves awake after a graveyard shift.     

 

Drugs mainly affect one’s brain functions, so drug abuse usually leads to mental illness.  Misused, bio-chemicals found in drugs tend to damage brain cells, and in the long run, abusers may end up in a mental institution if they are lucky or conscious enough to seek counseling.  Drug addicts may find themselves confined to a rehabilitation center, blowing at the ceiling fan instead of having a good time partying with friends.  In short, they become incapable of functioning like normal human beings under the prolonged influence of illicit drugs.  Drug-induced mental illness also leads to other serious problems, such as committing crimes and engaging in life-threatening activities.  Most people with mental illness also exhibit socially and culturally inappropriate behavior, resulting in ostracism, depression, and even suicide.

College students who abuse drugs may resort to criminal activities to get money.  They may get involved in vice activities such as stealing and prostitution.  They may even beat up their loved ones just to get some cash to feed their drug habit.  They may resort to blackmail, extortion, or kidnapping.  They will end up in jail as the long arm of the law will eventually catch them red handed. 

One of the devastating effects of drug abuse among college students is academic failure.  Students who are high all the time are unable to concentrate on their studies.  Instead of achieving better concentration and ultimately better grades, drugs make them drowsy and out of touch with reality.   They tend to skip classes and therefore unable to complete their assignments and projects.  They may fail their courses and eventually put on probation.  Inability to improve their grades within a certain time frame will eventually lead to expulsion.

Untimely death occurs when abusers lose control and overdose on a cocktail of drugs.  Many drug abusers often combine alcohol with stimulants or anti-depressants to block out reality or drown their sorrows, eventually killing themselves.  While some drug abusers had died of dehydration and overheating, other suffered the same fate due to high toxicity levels, hemorrhaging, or cardiac arrest.  Intravenous drug addicts who share needles with others risk exposing themselves to the deadly HIV.  Some drug addicts were killed during gang wars or while escaping from the police, while others were involved in fatal accidents.  Drug abusers caught with a large amount of cocaine may face a death sentence.  Those who attempt to rob a bank to buy illegal drugs risk being shot dead by security guards or police.

Drug abuse has many causes and effects.  Adolescents may abuse drugs due to parental neglect, peer pressure, or media influence.  They may experience mental illness and an untimely death due to overdose, HIV infection, or shootout.  Adolescents need to understand the negative implications of drug abuse, especially its deadly consequences.  Everybody needs to know that drug abuse may result in one facing death in a filthy dark alley or at the gallows.  People should not abuse drugs to get happiness; instead, they should have a nice big laugh with friends or family to get a natural high. 

                       

Below is an essay on reasons and consequences of drug dependency among college students. 

(1)  Identify the thesis statement.

(2)  Write an outline to show its topic sentences and supporting details

Drug dependency among college students is on the rise as an increasing number of adolescents and young adults are misusing or overusing over-the counter and illegal drugs for non-therapeutic purposes.  Drugs commonly abused by college students range from stimulants to depressants, from marijuana, crack, to alcohol, which can be easily obtained from pharmacies, street vendors, and drug pushers.  When people take drugs excessively for non-medical reasons but to achieve exhilaration or to escape from bleak reality, they become substance abusers.  The two causes of drug dependency among college students are peer pressure and stress, while two of its effects are academic failure and rising crime rates. 

Drug abuse is often associated with peer pressure, which is inevitable in young adulthood. Peer pressure may cause someone to become popular or to be known as a geek or nerd, depending on whether he or she can resist or succumb to it.  Being popular is very important to many college students as they do not want to be labeled as nerds or geeks.  Being popular is considered as cool, while being a geek or nerd is a disgrace in the student community.  Those who abuse drugs are often perceived as cool and are therefore admired by junior students. To be part of the popular crowd, many college freshmen become involved in drugs and alcohol.  Popularity also brings them to rave parties where drugs are often used to generate more fun and excitement. Having a fun night out with popular peers is a dream to many college students; unfortunately, they may be destroying their own future and become a menace to society.

College students may abuse drugs in their attempt to reduce stress.  Believing that academic achievement is essential for job success and better life, many college students strive to obtain excellent grades.  Having high expectations and unrealistic goals can cause a tremendous amount of stress.  Students are tempted to use drugs to increase their energy level, attention span, and memory.  Those who feel depressed after experiencing failure may abuse alcohol or anti-depressants to get some relief.  Further, college students may also experience personal problems that can bring a lot of anxiety and stress.  To block out their personal problems and stress, some use drugs to numb their feelings or escape from harsh reality.  College students who are genetically predisposed to depression may become worse due to academic stress.  They may self-medicate to cope with academic demands as well as to reduce stress and tension.  College students who experience financial stress may use drugs to help them juggle between studies and a part-time job.  They may take drugs just to keep themselves awake after a graveyard shift.     

One of the devastating effects of drug abuse among college students is academic failure.  Students who are high all the time are unable to concentrate on their studies.  Instead of achieving better concentration and ultimately better grades, drugs make them drowsy and out of touch with reality.   They tend to skip classes and therefore unable to complete their assignments and projects.  They may fail their courses and eventually put on probation.  Inability to improve their grades within a certain time frame will eventually lead to expulsion.

College students who abuse drugs may resort to criminal activities to get money.  They may get involved in vice activities such as stealing and prostitution.  They may even beat up their loved ones just to get some cash to feed their drug habit.  They may resort to blackmail, extortion, or kidnapping.  They will end up in jail as the long arm of the law will eventually catch them red handed. 

College students may become chemically dependent in their attempts to please peers and reduce stress.  It is difficult for them to reject any offer from friends, especially at party.  They do not wish to be known as a nerd, geek, or killjoy.  Most important, they fear the consequences of being rejected by others.  Academic failure and a criminal record are often experienced by college students who take drugs for recreational purposes.  A drug-ravaged mind is usually unable to meet academic demands or cope with reality.  Instead, it may influence a person to commit criminal acts.  College students should receive drug and AIDS education as it is effective in helping them cope with peer pressure and daily hassles without resorting to harmful drugs.  Those who experience serious interpersonal and academic problems should seek counseling. 

       

                                                                                                                                                                                                    Below is an essay that compares and contrasts karaoke singing and movie watching. 

(1)  Identify the thesis statement.

(2)  Write an outline to show its topic sentences and supporting details

Many kinds of entertainment, modern and traditional, are now easily available to adolescents.  People need entertainment to relax from a hard day’s work or studying.  They can also gain general knowledge from certain types of entertainment, especially novels, movies and documentaries.  Most important, it is really great fun for people to engage in their favorite entertainment, such as playing a game of snooker in a smoke-free lounge, going to a cozy pub for a drink, listening to the jokes of a popular radio deejay, or flying a kite in a golden rice field.  Two kinds of popular entertainment among adolescents are karaoke singing and movie watching that are similar, and yet different, in some aspects.  Karaoke singing and movie watching are similar in terms of evening fun in good company, but are different in terms of cost and rules.

Singing at a karaoke or watching a movie is great fun when individuals are together with some good friends.  In the karaoke we can listen to music, eat, or dink with our favorite company. At the cinema, we are able to enjoy a fascinating movie over some popcorn.  When the show is over, we can discuss it over a drink at a café.  We can also talk about it with friends over the phone upon reaching home.  Spending a relaxing evening at a karaoke or cinema is not only an enjoyable pastime, but also an effective way to alleviate stress or loneliness.

However, karaoke singing and movie watching differ in terms of cost.  It costs more to visit a karaoke than a cinema.  A trip to a karaoke lounge costs about twenty-five dollars, but a movie ticket, together with some snacks, only costs ten dollars.  Besides entrance fees, karaoke patrons have to spend more on food and drink.  

At a karaoke, entertainment seekers can sing and clap as loudly as they like with friends; however, movie goers are required to keep quiet so that everyone can enjoy the show without any noise or disturbance.  Karaoke users are provided with microphones and videos to demonstrate their singing talent.  Movie goers, on the other hand, are required to switch off their cell phones and refrain from talking with others.  Karaoke singers have more space to move about as they perform, but movie goers have to sit properly so as not to annoy anyone.

Karaoke singing and movie watching are similar in that both provide a great deal of fun and camaraderie.  Both kinds of entertainment provide relaxation and help relieve stress and loneliness under a safe roof.  However, they are different in the sense that karaoke entertainment costs more than watching a movie.  Besides entrance fees, a karaoke patron may order snacks and drinks for his or her friends, but movie goers only need a ticket and some popcorn to enjoy a show.  Despite having company around, karaoke singers and movie goers differ in terms of the kinds of behavior they are allowed to exhibit or the levels of noise they can create.  Nevertheless, be it singing at a noisy place or watching a movie in silence, individuals should be satisfied with the kind of entertainment they are seeking in the first place.    

Below is an essay on impact of substance abuse on young adults.

(1)  Identify the thesis statement.

(2)  Write an outline to show its topic sentences and supporting details

 

Exposed to hundreds of drugs through the media and peers, many young adults become substance dependent.  They may use drugs out of curiosity, peer pressure, or family problems.  Others use drugs in search of pleasure, inner truth, or inspiration.  Young adults use drugs to distort their perceptions and alter their mood; they use drugs to prop them up, lay them down, or drag them out.  Drugs often affect them physiologically and psychologically.  With time, their doses become increasingly higher; they also become anxious with less or without.  In general, substance abuse can lead to overstimulation, brain damage, crime, academic failure, and sudden death.    

Drugs over-stimulate the activity of the nervous system, contributing to euphoria and self-assurance. Amphetamines can stimulate young adults in various ways.  For example, procrastinators use them to boost their last-minute cramming or meet deadlines; dieters to reduce hunger; depressives to cope with emotional pain; sensation-seekers to get a burst of adrenalin; and partiers to attain a euphoric rush.  However, after staying awake and high for several hours, stimulant abusers usually experience restlessness, insomnia, and irritability.  Others experience fatigue, cramps, palpitations, and tremors. Users who have prolonged high may crush, falling into a deep sleep or depression. In extreme cases, they may exhibit symptoms of psychosis, such as convulsions, hallucinations, and delusions.   

Drugs that stimulate the center of the brain can lead to extreme pleasure or thrilling rush at first, but long term use causes tolerance, chemical dependency, and unbearable withdrawal symptoms.  Eventually some form of mental illness starts to develop from the initial stupor, altered time perception, and impaired judgment.  Since unsupervised use of drugs can cause brain damage, it is not surprising that many substance abusers end up in a rehabilitation center for counseling and detoxification.  They may find themselves in a straightjacket, staring at the ceiling fan all day instead of having a good time socializing with others.  Afflicted by crippling symptoms and incapable of functioning like regular human beings, they become delirious outcasts.  Moreover, drug-induced mental disorders are often associated with criminal tendencies and other antisocial behavior.  Additionally, substance abusers with brain damage often exhibit socially and culturally inappropriate behavior, resulting in ostracism, incarceration, depression, and even suicide.

Mostly unemployed, substance abusers usually resort to criminal activities to get money.  They usually get involved in various vice activities, including blackmail, extortion, robbery, kidnapping, and prostitution.  For example, they may beat up their loved ones just to get some cash or valuable things to feed their drug habit.  They may burglarize hoping to grab something exchange for drugs.  Acting irrationally, they may slash, maim, or kill just anyone to get a few dollars.  They no longer care that for every crime committed a jail sentence or death penalty is awaiting them. 

 

Academic failure is inevitable for most substance abusers as they no longer have the mental capability to concentrate on their studies.  It is ironic that some young adults actually take drugs to improve their cognitive abilities, and hopefully their scholastic performance.  However, they eventually realize that drugs rarely enhance intellectual achievement as they cause drowsiness and other destructive effects.  With impaired physical and psychological disposition, substance abusers often find themselves absolute failures in an academic setting.  Plagued by absenteeism and failing grades, they invariably face a bleak future as dropouts and potential inmates of the nearest penitentiary.   

Untimely death occurs when substance abusers inadvertently overdose, which can depress body functioning and irreversibly damage the brain. Substance abusers who combine alcohol with stimulants or anti-depressants to get a high, obliterate painful problems, or drown their sorrows are likely to face an early grave.  While amphetamines can cause dehydration among rave partiers, more potent drugs such as cocaine and heroin can cause renal failure, hemorrhaging, or cardiac arrest.  Intravenous substance abusers who share needles risk exposing themselves to the deadly HIV.  Other substance abusers may jeopardize their lives driving under the influence, being pursued by police or security guards, or freebasing at some seedy nightspot.  Further, substance abusers caught with a large amount of cocaine in their possession may be administered a death sentence.  Finally, while dealing drugs, substance abusers may accidentally walk into a war zone, finding themselves sandwiched between bloodthirsty rival gangs busy exchanging shots.

Substance abuse among young adults has many adverse, and even fatal effects, including overstimulation, mental illness, rising crime rates, academic failure, and untimely death. Instead of fulfillment, it destroys one’s achievement motivation, ambition, concentration, and even life.  There are some effective ways for young adults to avoid the hazardous effects of substance abuse.  First, they should not take any drugs without the supervision of a doctor.  Second, they should develop problem-solving skills and positive self-esteem to cope with peer pressure, daily hassles, and stress.  Third, they should adopt safer methods to overcome their curiosity, seek inner truth or pleasure, or gain inspiration.  Finally, they should equip themselves with appropriate knowledge on drugs, including their use and abuse.                                     

Below is an essay on why young adults engage in substance abuse.

(1)  Identify the thesis statement.

(2)  Write an outline to show its topic sentences and supporting details

These days, some drugs are no longer utilized solely for curing diseases, but they are also taken for other purposes. Drugs once used for alleviating the symptoms of flu and fever are now abused by some young adults who want to become euphoric.  For example, codeine found in cough syrup is abused by many street youths to obliterate their problems.  Ecstasy, a stimulant, is commonly consumed by rave partiers as it enables them to dance long hours without experiencing fatigue.  Shoe glue is often inhaled by the homeless to curb hunger and pain.  Substance abuse is a serious social ill affecting many young adults worldwide, regardless of socioeconomic status, age, or gender.  To control substance abuse, governments and citizens need to examine its causes while highlighting its life threatening effects.  Principal causes of substance abuse among young adults include parental neglect, peer pressure, media influence, curiosity, personality, and stress.

Lack of parental guidance is one of the major causes of substance abuse among young adults.  Many parents are either too engrossed with their work or unaware of the impact of their prolonged absence at home.  Parents are primarily responsible in determining their children’s activities outside school hours.  Neglected youths tend to run a greater risk of substance abuse as they want to attract their parents’ attention, reduce boredom or loneliness, or gain peer acceptance.  They will not easily succumb to such intrapersonal/interpersonal problems if their parents are around to guide and lend them a patient ear.  Further, some parents lack drug-related knowledge to act as positive role models.  Worse still, they themselves use drugs to cope with work and family stress, for instance, they may overuse over-the-counter drugs to cure minor aches and pain.  Besides, some parents also believe that it is the school’s moral responsibility to ensure that students can determine whether drugs heal or take them high to the skies.

Many young adults experience peer pressure, a force powerful enough to make them succumb to recreational drugs.  Peers often exert greater influence on young adults than significant others or authority figures.  Unfortunately, not all peer relationships will lead a young adult to a bright successful path; some will bring him or her to a smoke-filled den inhabited by hardcore addicts.  Further, thrill-seeking peers may direct the way to nightclubs, rave parties, and other entertainment centers that promise intense pleasure, instant gratification, or a carefree lifestyle.  From smoking a stick of cigarette, impressionable youths may progress to marijuana, crack cocaine, heroin, and ultimately to a rat-infested back alley in a deadly bad shape.         

Peers frequently determine whether a young adult becomes a cool individual who gets invited to glamorous parties or a geek who gets all the pain and rejection.  Social approval is very important to most young adults; virtually no one wants to be ostracized as nerds.  While being part of the in-crowd is highly desirable, being a geek or nerd is a real disgrace in the student community.  Those who use recreational drugs are often perceived as popular and admired by juniors.  Popularity often brings young adults to rave parties where amphetamines and methamphetamines are the key to great fun and excitement. Having an ecstatic night out with celebrated peers is a dream to many young adults, especially freshmen; unfortunately, they may be destroying their own future and become a menace to society in their pursuit of popularity.

Electronic and printed media often portray drugs as an instant solution to the slightest physical or emotional discomfort.  Recreational drugs are glamorized by famous entertainers and top athletes; some have publicized their rehabilitation experience to gain popularity.  Further, many television shows, movies, and magazines depict drugs as a venue to glamour, happiness, and healthful living.  For instance, many direct sale brochures contain glossy pictures of herbal products that promise perpetual youth and longevity, while others claim that their tablets enhance consumers’ physical appearance, and ultimately their professional and social life. 

Many electronic and printed advertisements baselessly claim that their drugs augment consumers’ mental, social, and emotional wellbeing.  Impressed, many trendy young adults not only waste their money on alternative therapies, but also endanger their own lives.  Some magazines and newspapers have been known for promoting drugs that cause serious organ damage rather than weight loss, vitality, or mental acuity.

Curiosity, often aroused by peers and the media, is a significant psychosocial variable in substance abuse.  Inquisitive young adults are tempted when they see friends or entertainers use drugs to socialize or relax.  Inclination to experience a psychedelic lifestyle has led many a young adult to eventual addiction.  In short, young adults’ penchant to stick their finger in every pie may influence them to try different kinds of drugs.  By the time their curiosity is satisfied, they are already suffering the ravaging effects of drugs.

Substance abusers tend to exhibit certain extreme personality characteristics, for example, young adults exhibiting low self-esteem may relate drugs to assertiveness, peer approval, or emotional detachment.  Reckless extraverts may crave the sensation of blood furiously coursing through the veins, the heart pounding at an uncontrollable pace, and adrenalin rushing straight to every cell.  To impress members of the opposite gender, tongue-tied introverts may use drugs to loosen their inhibition.  Finally, young adults with counter-cultural values may perceive drugs as a means to express their individuality, indifference, self-centeredness, rebelliousness, and other anti-institutional attitudes.    

Stress, an inevitable component of life, may lead some vulnerable young adults to become chemically dependent.  Believing that academic achievement is essential for job success and better life, many strive to obtain excellent grades.  Setting high expectations or unrealistic goals can create a tremendous amount of stress and tension.  To cope, some students may utilize drugs to increase their energy level, attention span, or memory.  Those who feel depressed after experiencing failure may consume alcohol or antidepressants.  Further, young adults who experience interpersonal stress may use drugs to repress their feelings. Those who are genetically predisposed to depression may deteriorate with the onslaught of academic or interpersonal stress, again leading to chemical dependency.  Finally, those who experience severe financial stress may use stimulants to help them juggle between studies and part-time jobs.  They may use uppers to stay awake for a graveyard shift or lecture, and downers to get some rest in between.    

Causes of substance abuse among young adults include parental neglect, peer pressure, media influence, curiosity, personality, and stress.  Since substance abuse is often associated with mental illness, academic failure, and untimely death, young adults should learn how to effectively cope with family and interpersonal problems without resorting to drugs.  Besides knowing the devastating consequences of substance abuse, young adults need to learn safer ways to deal with peer pressure, conflicting media messages, and stress.  Preventive measures of substance abuse should be multidimensional involving various groups.  While parents and teachers should instill positive values among the young, character education should strive to enhance their self-esteem.  Young adults with positive self-esteem can handle peer pressure, media messages, and stress better than those with negative self-esteem.  In general, young adults should not use drugs to attain happiness; instead, they should have a nice big laugh with friends or family to get a natural high. 

Below is an essay arguing that free university education should be provided.

(a)  Identify the thesis statement.

(b)  Identify the con arguments and pro arguments. 

(c)  Write an outline to show its topic sentences and supporting details.

After completing their secondary education, many students aspire to continue their tertiary studies at a college or university.  Most believe that university education not only would equip them with the skills and knowledge required in the real world, especially in climbing the corporate ladder.  In short, only with a university degree can they attain financial and personal success.  However, a university education is expensive as students have to spend a lot on tuition fees, miscellaneous fees, and books.  In most countries, only students with excellent grades or special abilities receive scholarships or study loans. A large majority of secondary graduates end up taking diploma courses in private colleges as it costs less.  To provide equal opportunities to young citizens, it is often argued that the government should offer free tertiary education for all eligible candidates.  Opponents will argue that providing free university education is impractical and unnecessary as it can impoverish the government, produce too many basic degree holders, and deflate the value and quality of tertiary education.  However, free university education is beneficial as it is an excellent investment for the country, promotes equality and equity among citizens, and enhances socioeconomic development.

Opponents will argue that making university education free for all is too much of a burden for the government.  However, providing free education is a long-term investment that will benefit the country.  A country can only recover after a natural disaster or economic downturn with the availability of an educated citizenry whose knowledge will always remain with them.  Providing free university education ensures that the government is investing its funds wisely, especially in training more mathematics and science graduates.  Mathematics and science have vast transferability and graduates in these areas are undoubtedly the catalyst of socioeconomic development.  University graduates can help the country in many socioeconomic aspects, especially in terms of human power, poverty eradication, and international trade.  It might be expensive for the government at the beginning, but in the long run, it will benefit in terms of technological progress, political stability, and international recognition.                      

Opponents will contend that free university education results in too many fresh graduates competing for limited jobs.  Moreover, the government provides enough scholarships and study loans to deserving students every semester.  However, free university education is essential to achieve equality and equity which involves narrowing the gap between the rich and poor.  There are still many students in the rural areas in dire need for financial support.  Many rural students will be regimented to obsolete farming equipment and poverty unless free university education is provided. If free university education is available, parents in the rural areas will be more eager to enroll their children in school; otherwise, they would rather send their children to the farm or rice field.  Free university education promotes equal employment opportunities and social equity as it ensures that people, regardless of background, race, or gender, can vie for the same jobs.  Unless it is free, only those from the middle class can afford it and those from the rural areas will continue to lag behind.  Without free university education, those from the rural areas, especially female students, will face an upward battle to achieve equality and equity.  They will become poorer while those who can afford it will get increasingly richer.    

Opponents will reiterate that free university education will reduce the value and quality of tertiary education.  Easy access to university education will lead people to take it for granted.  They will not strive hard to get a scholarship or study loan, but just fulfill the minimum requirements to get into a university.   However, this is not true.  Free university education will attract those who are serious in studying and those who know that education is the only way to escape from poverty.  Only those who are highly motivated can benefit from free university education. University education is always valued by those who believe that it is the key to socioeconomic success.  Individuals who are unmotivated or indifferent will not pursue tertiary education even if it were free.  Fresh university graduates have better job opportunities compared to those without a basic degree.  With better knowledge and greater confidence, they are more capable of contributing toward the socioeconomic development of their community compared to secondary school or diploma graduates.  Free university education will not increase the number of degree holders but also promote healthy competition in society.  As the number of university graduates increases, employers can select the best candidates while employees have to strive harder to get ahead.      

Free university education is a long term investment that promotes equal opportunities and socioeconomic success.  Countries that allocate more funding on tertiary education enjoy greater technological progress and peace than those with high government expenditure on weapons.  University-trained professionals play a critical role in the social, political, and educational domains of a country.  They are the pillar for a country’s socioeconomic development and global recognition.  Free university education has both intrinsic and extrinsic value; intrinsic as it enhances the country’s national esteem, and extrinsic as it brings material wealth.  The government should increase its expenditure on tertiary education as it needs an expanding pool of skilled human power to meet new challenges.        

Effects of substance abuse

 

Exposed to hundreds of drugs through the media and peers, many young adults become substance dependent.  They may use drugs out of curiosity, peer pressure, or family problems.  Others use drugs in search of pleasure, inner truth, or inspiration.  Young adults use drugs to distort their perceptions and alter their mood; they use drugs to prop them up, lay them down, or drag them out.  Drugs often affect them physiologically and psychologically.  With time, their doses become increasingly higher; they also become anxious with less or without.  In general, substance abuse can lead to overstimulation, brain damage, crime, academic failure, and sudden death.    

Drugs over-stimulate the activity of the nervous system, contributing to euphoria and self-assurance. Amphetamines can stimulate young adults in various ways.  For example, procrastinators use them to boost their last-minute cramming or meet deadlines; dieters to reduce hunger; depressives to cope with emotional pain; sensation-seekers to get a burst of adrenalin; and partiers to attain a euphoric rush.  However, after staying awake and high for several hours, stimulant abusers usually experience restlessness, insomnia, and irritability.  Others experience fatigue, cramps, palpitations, and tremors. Users who have prolonged high may crush, falling into a deep sleep or depression. In extreme cases, they may exhibit symptoms of psychosis, such as convulsions, hallucinations, and delusions.   

Drugs that stimulate the center of the brain can lead to extreme pleasure or thrilling rush at first, but long term use causes tolerance, chemical dependency, and unbearable withdrawal symptoms.  Eventually some form of mental illness starts to develop from the initial stupor, altered time perception, and impaired judgment.  Since unsupervised use of drugs can cause brain damage, it is not surprising that many substance abusers end up in a rehabilitation center for counseling and detoxification.  They may find themselves in a straightjacket, staring at the ceiling fan all day instead of having a good time socializing with others.  Afflicted by crippling symptoms and incapable of functioning like regular human beings, they become delirious outcasts.  Moreover, drug-induced mental disorders are often associated with criminal tendencies and other antisocial behavior.  Additionally, substance abusers with brain damage often exhibit socially and culturally inappropriate behavior, resulting in ostracism, incarceration, depression, and even suicide.

Mostly unemployed, substance abusers usually resort to criminal activities to get money.  They usually get involved in various vice activities, including blackmail, extortion, robbery, kidnapping, and prostitution.  For example, they may beat up their loved ones just to get some cash or valuable things to feed their drug habit.  They may burglarize hoping to grab something exchange for drugs.  Acting irrationally, they may slash, maim, or kill just anyone to get a few dollars.  They no longer care that for every crime committed a jail sentence or death penalty is awaiting them. 

 

Academic failure is inevitable for most substance abusers as they no longer have the mental capability to concentrate on their studies.  It is ironic that some young adults actually take drugs to improve their cognitive abilities, and hopefully their scholastic performance.  However, they eventually realize that drugs rarely enhance intellectual achievement as they cause drowsiness and other destructive effects.  With impaired physical and psychological disposition, substance abusers often find themselves absolute failures in an academic setting.  Plagued by absenteeism and failing grades, they invariably face a bleak future as dropouts and potential inmates of the nearest penitentiary.   

Untimely death occurs when substance abusers inadvertently overdose, which can depress body functioning and irreversibly damage the brain. Substance abusers who combine alcohol with stimulants or anti-depressants to get a high, obliterate painful problems, or drown their sorrows are likely to face an early grave.  While amphetamines can cause dehydration among rave partiers, more potent drugs such as cocaine and heroin can cause renal failure, hemorrhaging, or cardiac arrest.  Intravenous substance abusers who share needles risk exposing themselves to the deadly HIV.  Other substance abusers may jeopardize their lives driving under the influence, being pursued by police or security guards, or freebasing at some seedy nightspot.  Further, substance abusers caught with a large amount of cocaine in their possession may be administered a death sentence.  Finally, while dealing drugs, substance abusers may accidentally walk into a war zone, finding themselves sandwiched between bloodthirsty rival gangs busy exchanging shots.

Substance abuse among young adults has many adverse, and even fatal effects, including overstimulation, mental illness, rising crime rates, academic failure, and untimely death. Instead of fulfillment, it destroys one’s achievement motivation, ambition, concentration, and even life.  There are some effective ways for young adults to avoid the hazardous effects of substance abuse.  First, they should not take any drugs without the supervision of a doctor.  Second, they should develop problem-solving skills and positive self-esteem to cope with peer pressure, daily hassles, and stress.  Third, they should adopt safer methods to overcome their curiosity, seek inner truth or pleasure, or gain inspiration.  Finally, they should equip themselves with appropriate knowledge on drugs, including their use and abuse.                                    

Below is an argumentative essay on fossil fuels as the dominant source of energy in the next few decades.

Identify the thesis statement

Identify the topic sentences, supporting sentences, and details.

Fossil fuels will continue to dominate energy supply in the world for the next few decades despite emphasis on the use of renewable energy sources as an alternative. They are more commonly used for industrial purposes as they are cheaper than renewable energy sources.  Derived from fossils of animals and plants, fossil fuels include oil, coal, and natural gas found deep in the ground. On the other hand, renewable energy sources include solar, wind, and hydroelectric power, which are generally more costly than fossil However, fossil fuels release large amounts of carbon monoxide and other pollutants while renewable energy sources are more environment-friendly.  The use of fossil fuels and renewable sources of energy can be discussed in terms of industrial history, prices, environmental factors, and government policies.

Fossil fuels have a longer history than renewable energy sources in terms of industrial use and they have been promoting industrialization for many decades before the advent of renewable energy sources. Many developing countries still use fossil fuels such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas as their primary sources to produce heat and electricity because they find renewable energy sources more costly and less efficient.  Since fossil fuels contribute to pollution and global warming, these countries often incur extra costs to cope with various forms of contamination, particularly land, water, and air.  In sum, fossil fuels have been used for decades while renewable energy sources are a relatively new concept that takes time to be developed in developing countries.

Fossil fuels are more commonly used than renewable energy sources because of their lower prices.  They are more affordable due to their accessibility and transferability.  It is less costly to support public facilities, such as street lamps and traffic lights, with fossil fuels.  Besides, fossil fuels generate more power than renewable energy, which helps produce more electricity at a lower cost.  Fossil fuels are more easily transported and stored in less sophisticated plants compared to renewable energy sources that are usually non-transferable and difficult to store.  Due to their lower prices, accessibility, and transferability, fossil fuels are more preferred to renewable energy sources in developing countries.

Fossil fuels are more popular than renewable energy sources in developing countries because their use is less influenced by environmental factors, which make them more practical for industrial purposes.  Unlike fossil fuels, renewable energy sources such as wind or solar energy depend on the weather all the time.  If there were no wind or sunlight for several days, all industrial work would come to a halt or delayed.  Moreover, solar or wind energy can be tapped only in certain locations and under specific weather conditions, Only a few advanced countries can use renewable energy sources as they have the technology to tap solar or wind energy.  Semi-arid countries in Africa have too little annual rainfall to generate enough hydroelectricity for industrial purposes while those near the North Pole have limited sunlight.  Unable to tap the natural sources to generate energy, industries in these countries have to rely mainly on fossil fuels.

Government policies play a crucial role in the use of fossil fuels.  Although most governments are concerned about the hazards of fossil fuels, they lack funds and highly technological facilities to tap solar or wind energy.  In addition, many government bodies are more interested in generating more power at a lower cost than worrying about long-term effects such as global warming.  Besides, they argue that renewable energy sources such as nuclear power do not really prevent global warming; they only release fewer pollutants into the atmosphere.  Some governments do not consider renewable energy sources as top priority as they have large stockpiles of oil, coal, or natural gas.  Other governments prefer to allocate funding on monuments, weapons, terrorism, or even war.  In brief, fossil fuels will remain the primary sources of energy in developing countries due to priorities in terms of government expenditure.

In conclusion, fossil fuels are more commonly used than renewable energy sources due to industrial history, prices, environmental variables, and government policies. Although fossil fuels cause serious pollution, they still promote industrial development as they are more affordable and unaffected by extreme climatic conditions.  In short, fossil fuels cost less, but are more effective and practical than renewable energy sources.  In contrast, renewable energy sources are influenced by climatic conditions and technological knowledge.  Overall, fossil fuels have a greater impact on industrialization in developing countries and will remain as their major sources of energy in years to come because of their affordability and accessibility.  However, governments should take more effective measures to protect the natural environment by reducing greenhouse effects and global warming.  

Below is a descriptive essay on how air travel can spread dangerous diseases.

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Identify the topic sentences, supporting sentences, and details

Air travel has become a popular means of transportation due to the rapid growth of international business, tourism, and other factors.  It is also becoming more affordable with the increase in the number of airports and budget airlines worldwide. However, it tends to cause the rapid transmission of dangerous diseases such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) that spread from China to Singapore, Vietnam, Canada, and the other parts of the world. Besides SARS, influenza, measles, and tuberculosis can also be spread via air travel. Although air travel generates revenue, many tourism-dependent countries have become more concerned about disease control rather than the number of airport arrivals.  Air travel can spread diseases in terms of passive cabin ventilation, carrier passengers, and transfer of infected pets or pests, but disease spread can be prevented by regulating overseas trips, screening plane passengers, and setting strict health standards.

Plane passengers are exposed to passive ventilation as all cabin doors and windows must be tightly closed during flight.  Therefore, a passenger with SARS can easily transmit the virus to those who are sitting at close vicinity, especially through coughing. A stationary aircraft containing one infected passenger may cause thirty others to become infected within a short time. Passive cabin ventilation increases the possibility of viral transmission through vapor, for instance, droplets of infected saliva or mucus may get circulated throughout the cabin with a few minutes. Seated in packed rows with limited ventilation, some passengers are become highly vulnerable to contaminated air.  In brief, passive cabin ventilation can lead to the transmission of disease-causing agents through vapor.

Carrier passengers are individuals infected by dangerous diseases without showing discernible physical symptoms.  They may not be aware that they are disease carriers as they appear fit and healthy; therefore, they are capable of spreading their disease without their own knowledge and others’. Plane passengers who have weaker immune systems can easily get infected by a carrier of SARS and avian flu.  In addition, some passengers who travel frequently or widely might become carriers after contracting an infectious disease from the host country.  As they continue their journey, they become transmitters, spreading the disease from one cabin to another.  For example, it was a fact that some people infected with SARS had flown from China to Singapore, Vietnam, and Canada, causing alarming outbreaks in Hanoi, Singapore, and Toronto.

Besides carrier passengers, the transfer of infected pets or pests via air travel can also spread infectious diseases.  For instance, it is common for cats, dogs, birds, or even snakes to travel with their owners.  There is no guarantee that all pets have been medically checked or adequately quarantined before they are sent on board.  Besides pets, pests such as rats, mosquitoes, cockroaches, and even scorpions have been known to get into airplanes via hand luggage or cargo, causing great alarm.  A plane should ensure that it is free from rat fleas and female mosquitoes as they are particularly life-threatening; the former can spread plague while the latter malaria and dengue fever.  In sum, pets and pests hidden in suitcases and other containers may infect plane passengers through their parasitic bites or scratches.

Since infectious diseases can be fatal, preventive measures should be taken by the government, travelers, and airport personnel. For instance, the government should discourage citizens from travelling to places experiencing a disease outbreak. It should also limit the number of visiting visas from places where infectious diseases are rampant.

Travelers should cancel or delay their trips to places that have a disease outbreak. Airport authorities should use infrared thermal scanning machines to screen passengers; passengers with abnormal temperatures are referred to a nurse for further checking.

Besides preventive measures, airplane passengers should also observe strict health standards, which is the simplest method to prevent disease transmission. For instance, they can get vaccinations before travelling to other parts of the world. They should consume nutritious food that can strengthen their immune systems.  People with flu symptoms should wear a mask if traveling is unavoidable.  Finally, travelers should practice good personal hygiene at all times, for instance, washing their hands before meals or after using the toilet.

Diseases that can be spread through air travel include SARS, influenza, measles, and tuberculosis.  Passive cabin ventilation, carrier passengers, and infected pets or pests are the major modes of transmission.  Infectious diseases can be controlled by limiting trips to the affected areas, careful screening of passengers, and maintaining strict hygienic standards. Air travel and tourism will continue to thrive if all passengers take some simple steps to ensure that everybody remains safe and sound upon reaching his or her destination.

Below is an essay on advantages of using renewable energy sources.

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Identify the topic sentences, supporting sentences, and details

Geothermal power and bio-fuels are two renewable energy sources recommended for industrial purposes as they are more environment-friendly than fossil fuels.  Besides releasing fewer pollutants into the atmosphere, they can be naturally replenished.  Geothermal power is derived from the heat generated by the earth’s core.  On the other hand, biofuel energy can be obtained from the biomass of hemp, corn, sugarcane, or sunflower seeds.  Both energy sources are easily to tap:  geothermal energy is tapped from the earth’s core using heat pumps, while biofuels can be extracted from grain, forestry waste, or animal parts. Geothermal energy and biofuels will play a more important role in industry than fossil fuels in the near future as they incur lower fixed costs, release fewer pollutants, and offer more socioeconomic benefits. 

It is more economical to use geothermal energy than fossil fuels as it incurs lower fixed costs.  Unlike fossil fuels, it is a renewable energy source that yields power and heat naturally. From time immemorial, people have been using geothermal water that flowed freely as hot springs and geysers, for example, the Maoris of New Zealand have traditionally used hot water from geysers for curative and other purposes. Unlike fossil fuels, geothermal energy cost less to generate as only wells and pumps are needed to produce steam.  For example, a geothermal heat pump can regulate room temperatures by transferring heat from a building to the ground in summer, and vice verse in winter.  Geothermal power is also cheaper than fossil fuels because it does not require any generators; the earth’s temperature is relatively stable throughout the year. In sum, geothermal energy incurs lower fixed costs than fossil fuels in terms of extraction, transfer, or storage.

Non-carbonic, geothermal energy releases fewer pollutants as heat is directly obtained from the earth’s core.  Moreover, using geothermal energy helps to conserve fossil fuels, thereby decreasing their emissions.  Other energy sources have greater impact upon the environment as they require more space, power plants, or huge dams, but geothermal energy does not.  Besides, geothermal plants are also more environment-friendly as they are rarely interrupted by weather, natural disasters, or political rifts.  Other energy sources can damage the environment with toxic fumes or radiation, but geothermal plants do not. 

Biofuels, such as biodiesel, are more ecologically friendly due to their lower emissions compared to fossil fuels.  Therefore, they are ideal for use in marine areas, national parks and forests, and heavily polluted cities. When burned in a diesel engine, biodiesel replaces the exhaust odor of petroleum diesel with the pleasant smell of hemp, popcorn or French fries. In addition, it releases less particulates and carbon monoxide than petroleum.

The use of geothermal energy and biofuels can foster socioeconomic development of various countries.  Unlike carbon-based sources, geothermal energy and biofuels can be produced in remote locations.  Countries that emphasize their production and use can raise their standard of living and quality of life for being able to provide cheaper energy, undeterred by geography and climate.  Biodiesel production has enhanced many local economies, especially in Latin America where hemp, corn, and sugarcane are widely cultivated as cash crops.  Emphasis on biofuels also promotes socioeconomic development since they are becoming increasingly competitive than fossil fuels in terms of cost per unit.  The increasing demand for cleaner fuels has resulted in dramatic growth in the ethanol and biodiesel industries.  Use of biodiesel can extend the life of diesel engines because it is more lubricating than petroleum.  Over the next few decades, biofuels will represent a greater percentage of the world's energy needs.  Overall, production and use of geothermal energy and biofuels promote socioeconomic development as they are easier to produce and less polluting than fossil fuels.

As the global economy continues to expand, reducing fossil fuel consumption and carbon emissions has become very important in terms of fixed costs, environmental safety, and socioeconomic progress.  Geothermal energy and biofuels will soon replace fossil fuels as they cost less to produce, transfer, and store.  For example, geothermal energy plants are less complex than other kinds of plants, while biofuels come directly from corn, hemp, or residue forest products.  They are more ecologically friendly than fossil fuels as they release fewer pollutants; their use will help reduce production of greenhouse gases in the long run.  Countries that focus on renewable energy sources such as geothermal power and biofuels will experience socioeconomic progress as they can make use of their natural resources, including land and agricultural produce.  Overall, geothermal energy and biofuels are more beneficial than other energy sources as they help save costs, conserve the environment, and promote socioeconomic progress in various nations.

Below is an essay on causes and effects of domestic violence.

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Identify the topic sentences, supporting sentences, and details

Domestic violence is a widespread social ill that can involves coercion by one partner over another in a marital or live-in relationship.  Although laws have been passed to curb it, reports of domestic violence continue to rise due to various factors, such as population increase, job mobility, socioeconomic changes, and public awareness. Examples of domestic violence include physical, sexual, psychological abuse, and spouse-beating.  Primarily caused by alcoholism, drug abuse, and stress, domestic violence has physical and mental effects on individuals.

Alcohol and drugs often adversely influence people’s thoughts and behavior, causing them to become abusive at home. As powerful predictors of domestic violence, alcohol and drugs decrease users’ self-control, thus increasing their potential to act impulsively.  People who can control their anger often become coercive once drunk or high on illicit drugs, for example, some people react abusively to their partners after drinking hard liquor or taking heroin.  It can be concluded that alcohol and drugs contributes to abusive behavior, as they influence the users’ thoughts and feelings.

Besides drugs and alcohol, stress is also another major cause of domestic violence. People with socioeconomic difficulties often experience serious mood swings that cause them to become unstable.  They may be aggravated because they are incapable of meeting the basic needs of their spouse and children.  Besides socioeconomic difficulties, relationship problems also cause stress, for example, people facing marital discord may vent their frustration and anger onto their partner and children.  In sum, domestic violence is often associated with financial strain and tense relationships.

Domestic violence has several physical effects, such as injuries, bruises, and cuts.  Further, it also affects immune system of survivors, making them vulnerable to asthma and other psychosomatic illnesses.  Besides physical effects, domestic violence also has an impact on the mental health of survivors who may experience unwanted pregnancies, HIV infection, and suicide. In short, survivors of domestic violence may suffer from a variety of physical and mental health problems.

Education is one of the most effective measures to curb domestic violence, for instance, counseling and therapy can educate people not only about the causes and effects of domestic violence, but also ways to prevent it.  Before marriage, couples should be taught appropriate responses to emotionally charged situations.  Survivors of domestic violence need to learn how to avoid situations that lead to violent consequences. Besides counseling and therapy, schools also play an important role in curbing domestic violence.  For instance, moral studies, a compulsory subject, should highlight the causes and effects of domestic violence as well as preventive measures.  In brief, education promotes public awareness concerning domestic violence and effective ways to prevent it.

 

Besides education, the government also plays a significant role in curbing domestic violence, for instance, by providing community resources and other healthcare facilities.  Survivors of domestic violence should be referred to government clinics or family planning services where they can get free medical treatment and counseling. Besides providing free services, the government should ensure that domestic violence is reported and perpetrators properly dealt with.  For instance, the police should act immediately whenever domestic violence occurs.  In general, the government should provide free services to survivors of domestic violence and ensure that laws prohibiting it are strictly enforced.

In conclusion, domestic violence is a serious offence caused by alcoholism and drug abuse, two major factors that influence human behavior and thought.  Since domestic violence has a perverse impact on the survivors’ physical and mental functioning, the public must be educated concerning its causes and effects, as well as ways to prevent it. Besides education, the government should provide free social services to help survivors of domestic violence.  It should also ensure that laws prohibiting domestic violence are strictly observed.  

Below is an essay on causes and effects of health problems in developing countries.

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As their populations gallop, many developing countries are confronted with a number of life-threatening diseases, for instance, obesity, diabetes, cancer, and health failure.  Rapid socioeconomic progress in these countries has created lifestyles that are more comfortable than the past, but not necessarily healthy.  Many developing countries are gradually shifting from traditional methods to the latest technology that requires less manual labor and time to produce more.  Although lucrative in terms of yield and income, this shift has resulted in several problems, including environmental pollution, stress, poor nutrition, and sedentary lifestyle.

Developing countries that experience escalating levels of pollution tend to face more serious health issues. Indoor air pollution, caused by tobacco smoking, heating, ventilation and air-conditioning, building and furnishing materials, and electronic equipment is linked to eye, nose, and throat diseases.  Outdoor air pollution, caused by exhausts of vehicles, factory smoke, and home equipment cause headaches and other illnesses. Like air pollution, water pollution also causes health problems in developing countries.  Associated with industry, agriculture, and households, it can cause digestive, skin, and other health problems.  In sum, air and water pollution has raised the incidence of health-related problems in developing countries.

Besides exposure to polluted air and water, many people in developing countries also endure high levels of stress.  Stress is mainly associated with financial, job, and interpersonal problems.  Many people in developing countries experience financial stress due to unemployment, retrenchment, and lack of training opportunities.  Others hold demanding jobs, ranging from agrarian, business to construction.  Still others experience interpersonal stress related to marriage, family, and work.  Stress can be exacerbated by traffic congestion, noise, slums, high crime rates, and other social problems.  People who experience chronic stress may suffer from musculoskeletal diseases, back pain, chronic fatigue, and depression.

Although many people in developing countries now lead a middle-class lifestyle, they often have poor dietary habits.  Too busy earning a living they depend on mainly fast food to meet their nutritional needs.  Instead of eating balanced meals with proper nutrients, they prefer hamburgers, snacks, and sweetened drinks.  Moreover, fast foods are relatively cheaper and more accessible than nutritious food that requires more preparation time.  To save time, many people opt for hamburgers and soft beverages while driving or working, increasing their cholesterol and sugar levels.  Too much consumption of sweet or fatty foods leads to obesity, a factor that is linked to high blood pressure, diabetes, and cardiac complications.  In sum, poor eating habits associated with the availability of cheap fast food is one of the principal causes of health problems in developing countries.

Besides malnutrition, a sedentary lifestyle is also a health risk factor in developing countries.  Many people hardly exercise as they prefer to concentrate on their office work.  Inactivity not only causes physical but also psychological problems.  For instance, non-exercisers who often consume fast foods are often overweight if not obese, making them vulnerable to heart problems and negative self-esteem.  Fast foods laden with nitrites and other preservatives may also increase consumers’ vulnerability to cancer. 

In conclusion, health problems in developing countries are primarily caused by environmental pollution, stress, poor nutrition, and a sedentary lifestyle. Polluted air causes lung diseases, while polluted water digestive and skin problems.  Like pollution, stress and poor dietary habits adversely affect human health as well. Preventive measures include stricter environmental laws, health education, and public cooperation. Governments should implement stricter laws to reduce pollution. Schools should highlight the causes and effects of health problems so that people can start leading a healthier lifestyle at a young age.  Finally, citizens of all backgrounds should work together to promote a cleaner and greener environment as well as healthier lifestyles.    

Below is an essay on ways to minimize discrimination against women at the workplace.

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Gender discrimination is a common but underreported problem at the workplace.  It happens mostly to women, but some men have experienced it too.  A serious crime in many countries, it mainly affects hiring decisions, job assignments, and promotions.  Gender discrimination occurs due to prejudice, gender stereotypes, and sexist attitudes.  For example, managers who are prejudiced against women who are married or pregnant tend to think that they are less capable than their male counterparts.  Those who hold strong gender stereotypes tend to perceive that women are not good at certain jobs, for instance, accounting or engineering.  People demonstrating sexist attitudes believe that women should be restricted to outmoded female roles, such as staying at home to take care of the family.  Since gender discrimination has a negative impact on employees, workplace, and society, steps should be taken to prevent it.  Recognizing that men and women are created equal, many countries emphasize women’s rights and freedom, equal job opportunities, equal pay, and legislation to protect them.     

Emphasis on women’s rights and freedom reduces and prevents gender discrimination.  In many countries today, women enjoy the rights once given to only men, including the right to vote and to obtain an education.  Further, they share the same freedom as men, for instance, freedom to practice religion, to have free speech, and to own property.  Women whose rights and freedom have been infringed upon can refer to a people’s court, civil rights group, the police, or local politician.  In brief, emphasizing women’s rights and freedom enables them to enjoy the privileges once allotted to men.      

Besides women’s rights and freedom, equal job opportunities also helps bridge the gender gap.  Women in most countries can apply for any jobs they desire as long as they have the right qualifications.  Today, many women excel in fields once dominated by men, for instance, management, engineering, medicine, law, higher education, and politics.  Most countries, regardless of their political ideologies, encourage women to strive for better job opportunities by providing scholarships, business loans, and lifelong training. Currently, some colleges and universities in developing countries have more female students than male, showing that they value the concept of equal opportunities for women.  In short, emphasis on equal job opportunities is highly effective in preventing gender discrimination in the workplace.

Associated with the concept of equal job opportunities for women is equal pay.  With the same qualifications and job specifications, women used to receive pay less than men.  Today, equipped with the necessary qualifications, women strive to get equal pay as their male counterparts for doing the same jobs.  For example, female engineers with similar qualifications and work experience as their male counterparts expect to receive similar remuneration and fringe benefits from the same firm.    

Below is an essay arguing that globalization has brought profits to advanced countries, but has been disastrous for developing countries. 

(a)  Identify the thesis statement.

(b)  Identify the con arguments and pro arguments. 

(c)  Write an outline to show its topic sentences and supporting details.

Globalization, through the removal of many trade barriers, has tremendous impact on the world economy.  While its impact on advanced nations, such as the USA and Japan, is highly positive and profitable, the same cannot be said with regard to developing nations, such as Thailand and Indonesia. Globalization is akin to sailing in the mighty ocean, depending on the strength of the nation.  While advanced nations enjoy the clear skies and cool breezes, the less advanced are at risk of sinking or even drowning.  Developed nations, which are strong enough to remain afloat regardless of weather conditons, reap the benefits of globalization, while developing nations that lack sophisticated equipment and techniques, can only watch and suffer in silence.  Opponents may disagree, but globalization benefits only rich nations, but has disastrous consequences on developing countries in terms of stock exchange, agriculture, labor movement, and technology.

Firstly, opponents may contend that developing nations benefit just as much as developed nations in terms of globalization, but it is not true; it benefits only the developed nations, judging from the stock market.  As globalization increases the liquidity of capital, hedge funds from developed nations can be used to invest in their developing counterparts, particularly in the bear market.  When market shares rise, people from developing nations often try to buy and accumulate the shares, causing the share market to peak. However, at this moment, holders of hedge funds from advanced nations will sell their shares and leave the developing country.  Such action not only leads to a sharp drop in share prices, but also increases poverty and hardship in the developing country that is forced to bear the severe losses.  For instance, hedge funds from the USA against the baht in 1997 caused a severe financial crisis in the developing countries in Asia.

Secondly, opponents may contend that globalization benefits both developed and developing nations, but it is obvious that it benefits the economies of developed nations, but has a negative impact on developing nations, especially in the agricultural domain.  Developed nations, such as the USA and Japan, have powerful governments to subsidize farmers to cultivate cash crops on a large scale using high yielding hybrids and modern equipment.  Farmers in advanced nations are able to raise sweet corn, wheat, potatoes, and other important cash crops in extensive and fertile farms.  They enjoy a rich harvest season after season, not only for national consumption but also for export.  In contrast, developing nations not only lack government funding but also have to import food from their developed counterparts.  Further, developing nations often depend on advanced nations to develop their agricultural sector, including seeds and equipment.  Such dependence not only leads to higher production costs but also national debt.  Additionally, crops in advanced nations provide better quality yields compared to those in developing countries. Trade imbalance often occurs with developing nations consuming more imported agricultural produce.  For instance, many people prefer rice imported from the USA to locally grown rice, perceiving the imported rice has better nutritional value.

Thirdly, opponents may argue that both developed and developing nations have benefitted from globalization, but judging from the movement of labor, only the former find this universal trend economically advantageous, with the latter sinking into greater debt and poverty.  It is crucial for every nation to have sufficient human capital to promote socioeconomic development and political stability.  Globalization encourages rapid movement of labor, encouraging skilled workers to pursue the greenest pastures possible. To the detriment of developing nations, excellent job opportunities, mostly available in developed nations, lure the highly qualified to work overseas.  Left with the less qualified due to brain drain, developing nations face an uphill battle to become at par with their developed counterparts.  In short, globalization encourages skilled workers, much needed by their own developing nations, to migrate to developed nations that not only offer a lucrative income, but also a more attractive working and living environment.

Fourthly, while opponents may insist that globalization is beneficial to both developed and developing nations, the fact remains that only the former has ready access to the modern technology it promotes.  For instance, cellular phones and computers, mostly trademarked and exported by developed nations, are still luxury items in some developing nations.  While farmers in developed countries use computers on a regular basis, those in developing countries do not have proper infrastructure to even start a small business.  Automobiles, another luxury item in developing nations, are mainly produced by such advanced nations as Germany and Japan.  Most of the world’s automobiles are produced by European nations and Japan.  Developing nations not only have to import technological equipment from advanced nations, but also have to recruit skilled personnel from the same place.  Some developing nations have tried to manufacture their own technological equipment, but they can hardly keep up with their advanced counterparts in terms of both quality and quantity.

In contrast to the arguments above, globalization seems to benefit developing nations while causing damage to developed nations.  For instance, many giant corporations from advanced nations have invested heavily in developing nations.  For instance, Microsoft has established branches in many developing countries in its attempt to diversify and reduce cost of production. American plants in developing countries pay a minimum wage that is much lower than that at their headquarters.  Investment from developed nations in terms of skilled personnel and technology has increased job opportunities and revenue in many developing nations.  However, cheaper labor and lower cost of production enable developed nations to enjoy greater profit margins.  They can also focus on innovative fields that generate even greater profits. Hence, globalization still benefits developed nations more than developing nations in the long run.  

In conclusion, globalization undoubtedly brings an ever-expanding range of benefits to developed nations while causing irreparable socioeconomic damage to developing nations, particularly in the domains of stock exchange, agriculture, labor, and technology.  Developing nations should strive to concentrate on their most unique sectors that can gain the interest of developed nations.  Cultural tourism and cottage industries are two areas that they should consider, as they differ from place to place.  Many people from developed nations are often intrigued by not only the traditions and customs, but also the handicrafts of developing nations.  Finally, benefits of globalization can multiply even faster through symbiosis, that is, business cooperation and knowledge sharing between the developed and developing countries.